• 한국양식학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 1993

나일틸라피아의 전 암컷 생산을 유도하기 위하여 난황을 흡수하고 먹이를 먹기 시작하는 자어에 여성 홀몬인 $17\beta-estradiol$을 0, 60, 120, 240, 480ppm 농도로 먹이에 섞어 30일간 먹인 다음 성전환율, 생존율, 성장율 등을 조사하였다. 또한 이 홀몬 480ppm농도에서 투여 기간을 달리하여 10, 20, 30일간 먹인 효과도 조사하였다. 암컷의 출현 비율은 사료 중의 홀몬의 농도와 투여 기간에 비례 하였고 0, 60, 120, 240, 480 ppm 농도에서의 암컷 출현율은 각각 $47.5\%,\;86.4\%,\;91.3\%,\;97.0\%$ 및 $100\%$ 로 나타났으며, 480ppm에서 10, 20, 30 일간 먹 인 결과는 암컷 출현율이 각각 $64.2\%,\;84.3\%$, 및 $100\%$로 나타났다. 농도나 기간에 따른 생존율은 대조구와 차이가 없었으며 성장은 농도와 투여 기간에 비 례하여 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 이 종의 $17\beta-estradiol$에 의한 전 암컷 생산 가능 농도 및 기간은 480ppm으로 30일간 먹이는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2010

대마의 육종 및 재종상의 큰 장애인 "자웅이주성"을 극복할 수 있는 "자성종자" 생산기술을 개발하기 위해 수행한 일련의 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전 생육기간 자연 단일조건에 재배한 개체들은 질산은을 처리하더라도 성전환 식물체 비율이 5%이고 웅화의 발생정도가 극히 적었으며 자화보다 24일 늦게 개화하여 수정이 되지 않았다. 2. 재배환경을 3엽기, 6엽기에 장일에서 단일조건으로 급격하게 변화시킨 자주는 웅화의 개화량은 적었지만 성전환 개체 비율이 각각 75%, 100%로 높고 자화와 개화기 차이가 각각 10일, 3일로 비슷한 시기에 개화하여 인공수정이 가능하였다. 3. 영양생장기로 판단되는 7월 2일과 7월 12일에 질산은과 단일을 동시에 처리한 개체들은 모두 성이 전환되어 성전환 액아 비율이 각각 63.2%, 61.9%로 높았고 무처리 자주와 동일한 시기에 개화하여 자연적인 풍매로 수정되었다. 또한 상위 제 1절에서 성전환 액아의 비율이 각각 80.5%, 77.0%로 가장 높아 풍매에 유리하도록 바람이 잘 통하는 식물체 상부에서 성전환 액아의 비율이 높았다. 4. 생식생장기로 판단되는 7월 22일에 처리한 개체들은 성전환 액아의 비율이 4.4%로 낮고 자화보다 16일 늦게 개화하여 수정되지 않았다. 5. 일반종자는 자주 비율이 49%로 성비가 1:1에 근접하기 때문에 종실수량이 96 kg/10a였으나 자성종자는 자주 비율이 100%로서 종실수량이 141 kg/10a로 일반 종자에 비해 47% 증수되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.380-391
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• 1998

This study was conducted to develop a theoretical model for the determinants of activities of daily living in Korean rural elderly people. The theoretical model was derived from Lawton's Ecological Model to explain human behavior. The model includes determinant variables for functional status such as age, sex, physical status, cognitive status, physical environment, social environment, and depression. Data for this study was collected from 189 elderly people in a rural district near Chonju City. The data was analyzed with SPSS PC/sup +/4.1 and LISREL 8. The analysis of the data showed that the first proposed theoretical model did not fit the collected data well. In order to increase the fit of the model to the data, the model was modified by deleting the exogenous variables of sex, physical environment, and social environment. The fit of the modified model to the data was increased and was move suitable. The results of this study show that the determinants of the activities of Korean rural elderly people were age, perceived physical condition, cognitive status, and depressional status. Age has a significant direct and indirect effect on the activities of daily living of rural elderly people. Perceived physical condition has a significant indirect effect through depression on activities of daily living. Cognitive status also has a significant indirect effect through depression on functional status. Depression has a significant direct effect on the functional status. Physical environment and social environment showed reversal relationships to functional status. In conclusion, the results of this study show that personal characteristic factors are more important than environmental characteristic factors for functional status of elderly people. However, the importance of depression to functional status in Korean rural elderly people and the reverse relationship between social environment and functional status, reflect Korean specificity. Korean nursing needs to focus more on this Korean specificity in order to develop nursing knowledge and practice appropriate to Korean people.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제9권1_2호
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• pp.79-93
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• 1982

We collected a total of 109 patients with intersex during the past 16 years (1966-1982). They were summerized as follows: Klinefelter's syndrome, the most common disease, was found in 76 cases, Turner's syndrome in 3 cases, true hermaphroditism in 5 cases, male pseudohermaphroditism in 5 cases, female pseudohermaphroditism in 13 cases and others in 7 cases in which 2 cases of XX male syndrome, 1 case of agonadism, 1 case of hernia uteri inguinale and 3 cases of unclassified intersex were included. 2 mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome showed 46/47 XX/XXY and 1 mosaic Turner's syndrome showed 45/46 XO/XX. The 5 patients with true hermaphroditism included 2 cases that had an ovary on one side and a testis on the other, 1 case, seperate ovary and testis on each side, 1 case, an ovary on one side and a seperate testis and ovary on the other and 1 case, an ovary on one side and an ovotestis on the other. Sex chromosome study on the true hermaphroditism revealed 46 XX in 2 patients and 46/46 XX/XY mosaicism in 3 patients. In male pseudohermaphroditism, all patients had a short and blind vagina. Of which, familial tendency was found in 1 case. Her sister had operation for sex reversal for female. In female psedohermaphroditism, all the patients were adrenogenital syndrome. Operations for clitoridectomy and vaginoplasty were performed on 10 patients. Hydrocortisone was given to 6 patients. Menstruation started to occur 6 months and 4 months after the medical therapy respectively in 2 cases.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of bisphenol A (BPA), which is known to have estrogenic activity, on the early development of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). The fertilized eggs of medaka were treated with BPA at different concentrations for 3 weeks. Embryonic growth, deformation, hatching success, and gonadal differentiation were determined to observe the effects of this chemical. Also we tried to measure the estrogenic activity of bisphenol A using ELISA and RT-PCR methods. By using this techniques, we evaluated the induction of vitellogenin, an estrogen-regulated gene from the whole body-homogenates of larvae. At results, a reduced blood circulation was seen in embryos and peritoneal edema and hindrance of yolk-sac absorption were observed in larvae of treated group. However, BPA at the concentrations tested (2～200 ㎍/L) did not have severe adverse effects on the early life-stages. According to the observation of gonadal histology, inter-sex or sex -reversal was not found in all test fish. After the exposure was ended, vitellogenin mRNA and protein levels were measured in larvae and then their levels were found to be increased in treated group with 200㎍/L. These results indicate that BPA can induce the expression of vitellogenin in early life-stages as well as in adult male fish.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2007

It has been suggested that the structure and function of nuclear receptors are evolutionally conserved. Here, we compare the molecular functions of the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) small heterodimer partner (nSHP/NR0B2) and the Dosage-sensitive sex reversal AHC critical region on X chromosome gene 1 (nDAX-1/NR0B1) with those of human SHP and DAX-1 (hSHP and hDAX-1, respectively). We found that, upon transient cotransfection of human cells, nDAX-1 repressed the activity of tilapia SF-1 (nSF-1) but not that of human SF-1, although the physical interaction with human SF-1 was retained. Similarly, nSHP repressed the activity of nSF-1, whereas hSHP did not, pointing to divergent evolution of SHP/SF-1 in fish and human. We thus propose that the repressive functions of SHP and DAX-1 have been conserved in fish and mammals although with different transcriptional targets and mechanisms. These differences provide new insights into the physiological diversification of atypical orphan nuclear receptors during vertebrate evolution.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2003

This is a study that examines the fashion changes in the 20th century in terms of various subcultures in the period. Starting from defining the concept and the developing process of subculture, this study traces the history of subcultural styles from 1930s to 1990s, focusing on the way each generation resisted the main stream through its styles. This study is intended to provide a theoretical frame on the understanding of subcultural styles, with a close examination of its formative and developing process and characteristics. This study understands subcultural style as a way of deviate or resistant expression within a society. It differentiates itself from the main style by deliberately and publicly asserting its own identity, and, as a result, realizes in the form of fashion its repressed subconsciousness, resistance to the alienation from the society, and deviation from the normative ethics and morality of a society. The four types of subcultural styles presented in chapter 4 are based on their form of resistance, and they are classified and analyzed as follows: The first type is revision, which tries to revise and change the given form by adding new elements. There are two kinds of revision, one is dressing up, which dresses for success, and the other is minimal dressing. Hyperbole is the second type, which resists by emphasizing or hyperbolizing the main stream with its erotic, nihilistic, or dynamic forms. Two kinds of hyperbole are examined, one is hyperbole of masculinity, and the other is ostentatious hyperbole. The third type is reversal and rejection, which reverses the forms from the established sign system into its own secret code, or rejects the traditional taboos. This type include no dressing, and the reversal of sex identity. Isolation and redrawal is the fourth type, which tries to distance itself from the ritual code of the day. This type is divided into dressing of the escape from time, and dressing of the escape from space. The first group of this type is characterized by nostalgia or futurism. An emphasis is given on ethnicity, naturalism, or a closed space within a city in dressing of the escape from space. In conclusion, it can be said that subcultural style puts the foremost importance on individual freedom. Since 1990s, the distinction between the subcultural styles and high fashion gets somewhat blurred, while the liberal, sexual, life stylistic tension between the two groups are heightened.

• Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2018

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare genetic disease caused by various abnormalities in the androgen receptor (AR). The AR is an essential steroid hormone receptor that plays a critical role in male sexual differentiation and development and preservation of the male phenotype. Mutations in the AR gene on the X chromosome cause malfunction of the AR so that a 46,XY karyotype male has some physical characteristics of a woman or a full female phenotype. Depending on the phenotype, AIS can be classified as complete, partial or mild. Here, we report 2 cases of complete AIS in young children who showed complete sex reversal from male to female as a result of AR mutations. They had palpable inguinal masses and normal female external genitalia, a blind-end vagina and absent $M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ duct derivatives. They were both 46,XY karyotype and AR gene analysis demonstrated pathologic mutations in both. Because AIS is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, we performed genetic analysis of the female family members of each patient and found the same mutation in the mothers of both patients and in the female sibling of case 2. Gonadectomy was performed in both patients to avoid the risk of malignancy in the undescended testicles, and estrogen replacement therapy is planned for their adolescence. Individuals with complete AIS are usually raised as females and need appropriate care.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2023

We aimed to investigate the proportions of MTB- and NTM-positive tests and the distribution patterns of species isolated by contracted testing agencies in South Korea. Respiratory specimens submitted to contracted testing agencies in South Korea for AFB culture from January 2014 to December 2021 were included (533,713 specimens in total). Trends based on MTB and NTM detection, patient sex and age, culture medium type, and testing year were analyzed. MTB and NTM positive detection increased in the patients. The average ages of MTB- and NTM-positive patients increased in those aged ≥61 years. For solid culture, the MTB detection rate decreased from 5.9% in 2014 to 3.3% in 2018 and increased to 4.7% in 2021; the NTM detection rate increased from 2.1% in 2014 to 3.4% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2021. For liquid culture, the MTB detection rate decreased from 8.3% in 2014 to 5.5% in 2018 and increased to 6.0% in 2021; the NTM detection rate increased from 3.5% in 2014 to 5.5% in 2018 and decreased to 5.3% in 2021. An isolation ratio reversal between MTB and NTM was observed in 2018. In this study, we provide information on mycobacterial isolation rates and species distributions using AFB culture test results from Korea's referral laboratories. Increased MTB- and NTM-isolation rates were observed in individuals aged ≥60 years, indicating the need for regular testing and focused management for them. Expanding liquid culture applications, which show higher positivity rates than solid culture methods, is necessary.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2023

One of the ways to increase the production for aquaculture is through the cultivation of monosexuals by ensuring genital reversal from which energy for reproduction is diverted towards growth. Masculinization has been identified as one of the most prominent techniques, where sex development was directed from female to male. This approach only altered the phenotype and not the genotype. The red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) was a relatively new commercial commodity, and the males were known to grow faster than females. Hence, it was proposed to use monocultures comprising an all-male population to increase yield using steroid hormone, synthetic 17α-methyltestosterone. However, this technique generated residues that detrimentally affect human health, the environment, and cultivated organisms. Therefore, finding new safe natural steroid sources was essential, and one of which is exploring of natural hormones extracted from the viscera of sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra Jaeger). This study focused on the determination of male formation and testosterone levels among juvenile crayfish, after immersing in sea cucumber steroid extract (SCSE). A completely random design with factorial was used with two variables, encompassing the varied doses (0, 2, 4 mg/L, 2 mg/L 17α-methyl testosterone as control group) and immersion times of 18 and 30 h. The result showed the dose-dependent ability of SCSE increase the male genital formation and promote the testosterone level of juvenile crayfish. In addition, the testosterone was influenced by dose and immersion duration time, with the highest level of testosterone observed in treatments of 4 mg/L SCSE with 30 h immersion was 0.248 ng/mL, while the male percentage was 77%. In conclusion, the combination of dose and immersion time significantly affected growth and testosterone levels.