• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.129-135
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• 2013

Aggression can be defined as 'behavior intended to harm another' which can be seen both from humans and animals. However, trying to understand aggression in a simplistic view may make it difficult to develop an integrated approach. So, we tried to explain aggression in a multidisciplinary approach, affected by various factors such as neuroanatomical structures, neurotransmitter, genes, and sex hormone. Parallel with animal models, human aggression can be understood with two phenomena, offensive aggression and defensive aggression. Neurobiological model of aggression give a chance to explain aggression with an imbalance between prefrontal regulatory influences and hyper-reactivity of the subcortical areas involved in affective evaluation, finally in an aspect of brain organization. Serotonin and GABA usually inhibit aggression and norepinephrine while glutamate and dopamine precipitate aggressive behavior. As there is no one gene which has been identified as a cause of aggression, functions between gene to gene interaction and gene to environment interaction are being magnified. Contributions of sex hormone to aggression, especially molecular biologic interaction of testosterone and regulation of estrogen receptor have been emphasized during the research on aggression. This multidisciplinary approach on aggression with types, neurochemical bases, and animal models can bring integrated interpretation on aggression.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.138-141
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to diagnose the fertility of a female western lowland gorilla kept in Seoul Zoo, in accordance with age by analyzing the fecal sex hormone metabolites. The study was conducted in two period of times, when the animal was from 35 to 37 years old and when the animal was from 40 to 42 years old. Non-invasive method by using fecal samples was used for safe and efficient fertility diagnosis. We collected the feces from the enclosure at least three times a week. Then $17{\beta}$-estradiol and progesterone, which are fecal sex hormone metabolites, were measured by time-resolved fluoro-immunoassay to compare the menstruation cycle and the annual reproductive cycle. For the duration of the primary study (when the animal was 35~37 years old), irregular menstruation and high concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were observed. However, menstruation was hardly observed and the concentrations of both hormones were statistically very low in the period of secondary study (when the animal was 40~42 years old). This observed phenomenon in our study was very comparable to menopause in adult women; therefore, it was confirmed that our female gorilla has reached menopause because of the natural aging, as they become older.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.23-28
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• 1979

To determine whether hormone analysis of amniotic fluid could be used for accurate determination of fetal sex, we measured testosterone(T) and follicle-stimulating hormone in 19 amniotic fluid samples. The mean T in amniotic fluid of 8 women earring male fetuses was 310 pg. per milliliter and of 11 women earring female fetuses was 150 pg. per milliliter (P<0.05${\ast}$). The mean amniotic fluid FSH of 1.16 mI.U. per milliliter for 7 women with male fetuses was over trifold lower than that for subjects with female fetuses. The mean amniotic fluid FSH of female fetuses was 3.85 mI.U. per milliliter (P<0.01${\ast}$) Measurement of T & FSH in amniotic fluid may be an adjunct method for fetal sex determination.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study is to report the case of precocious puberty in two children treated by taking herbal medicine. Methods Two patients diagnosed with precocious puberty were prescribed Jogyeongseongjang-tang and were observed the effect of treatment on height, body weight, body composition, sex hormone test. Results During the treatment period, rapid progression of puberty was inhibited, and slow changes in sex hormones and steady growth were achieved. Conclusions This study showed the long-term effects of herbal medicine in treating precocious puberty, but further studies should be conducted for scientific validation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.276-283
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• 2023

Purpose: We aimed to determine the differences in the levels of serum thyroid hormone (free T4 [FT4]) and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]) as biomarkers for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status, with respect to age and sex. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed serum samples from 200 patients who underwent HBV testing from August 2022 to September 2022. Serum samples were collected from patients suspected of having HBV infection who visited this hospital. Thyroid hormone levels were measured, and patients were grouped according to age and sex. Results: Differences in TSH and FT4 levels in the serum of patients in the HBV-positive and -negative groups were not significant. Among the HBV-positive patients in the younger age group (<60 years), TSH and FT4 levels were 1.78 ± 0.09 µIU/mL (normal: 0.4-5.0 µIU/mL) and 1.24 ± 0.02 ng/mL (normal: 0.8-1.9 ng/mL), respectively, whereas among the HBV-positive patients in the older age group (≥60 years), TSH and FT4 levels were 2.22 ± 0.17 µIU/mL and 1.24 ± 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of HBV did not markedly affect serum thyroid hormone levels. Our findings shed light on the conflicting evidence on the association between thyroid hormone levels and HBV infection. We, Hyeokjun Yun and Bo Kyeung Jung are co-first authors which made substantial contribution equally to the conception and designed of this work. Jae Kyung Kim, In soo Rheem and Kap No Lee made significant contributions to the acquisition and analysis of the data.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2022

Successful reproduction in vertebrates necessitates complex interactions along the brain-pituitary-gonad axis, it is determined by gonadotropin releasing hormone produced in the hypothalamus of the brain, gonadotropin synthesized in the pituitary gland, and sex hormone secreted by the gonads. The goal of this study was to secure and test technology for controlling (inhibiting) sexual maturation hormones such as maturation hormones through hormone regulation. We studied the effect on sexual maturation of zebrafish Danio rerio by tamoxifen, anastrozole, exemestane and dopamine 4 kinds of sexual maturation inhibitors to feed and after administration. As a result, 4 kinds of sexual maturation inducing substances were mixed with zebrafish feed, it could be concluded that all of them were effective in inhibiting sexual maturation by reducing mRNA levels of genetic materials related to sexual maturation.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1988

Histological study was conducted to determine the initial treatment time and treatment period of hormone for sex reversal in accordance with gonadal development and sexual differentiation in Oreochromis niloticus. The effects of various concentrations and various treatment periods of 17$\alpha$-methyltestosterone (MT) on sex reversal, growth, and condition factor were also evaluated. Paired primodial gonads were formed 9 days after hatching, when germ cells began their gradual multiplication and development into gonial ones. Sex differentiation of gonads either into ovaries or testes became histologically discernible about 20 days after hatching with formation of ovarian cavity and efferent duct. All feed treated with MT at 15 ppm for 10 days or more produced populations of males $95\%$ or above. All male populations were produced at 15 ppm MT for 40 days, and 30 ppm for 30 and 40 days. Growth of hormone-treated-fish was faster than that of untreated ones and the condition factor of hormone-treated-fish was greater than that of untreated ones 77 days after hatching.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2007

The present study demonstrates the changes in body weight (BW) and plasma sex steroid hormone profiles during artificial maturation induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or salmon pituitary extract (SPE) injections in cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, kept in seawater for 3 months. In the weekly SPE-injected female group, BW was relatively stable during vitellogenesis. Following induction of vitellogenesis, females exhibited a rapid increase of BW, and the oocytes were observed to be in the migratory nucleus stage at the end of the experiment. Plasma testosterone (T) and $estradiol-17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) levels increased slightly during vitellogenesis and peaked at an average of 5.82 ng/mL and 4.76 ng/mL, respectively, at the end of the experiment. In the weekly control and HCG-injected female groups, BW slowly decreased during the experimental period, and the oocytes of the two groups were observed to be at the primary yolk globule stage. In the weekly HCG-injected female group, plasma T and $E_2$ levels increased slightly during vitellogenesis and decreased afterward. In the control female group, however, plasma T and $E_2$ levels were not altered during the experimental period. Furthermore, plasma $17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$ (DHP) was not detected in all experimental groups. Fertility and hatching rates of SPE-injected females were significantly higher in those that ovulated 15 h after DHP injection than 18 h. These results indicate that long rearing in seawater increases responsiveness to SPE in ovarian maturation of the Japanese eel, resulting in shortened period from completion of vitellogenesis by sex steroid hormone production.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 1973

Hormone이 암발생과 밀접한 관계가 있음은 이미 1935년대에 밝혀진 바 있다. 즉 lacassagne은 estrogen이 토끼 자궁벽의 fibromyomatous transformation에 영향을 준다고 하였다. Nelson는 guinea-pig를 시험동물로 해서 estrogen을 장기투여한 결과 uterine fibroids가 수발됨을 확인한 이래, 유발됨을 확인한 이래, 이러한 hormone이 암발생의 장기요인이 됨으리 밝히게 되었다. 이러한 업적은 Lipschutz에 의해 더욱 수식되었다. 이러한 업적의 결과가 여러편의 종설로 발표되었다. 즉 Lacassagne, Zuckerman, Burrows등, Gardner는 각기 종설을 발표하여 이를 확증하기에 이르렀다. 한편 각개 hormone, 그중에서도 sex-hormone의 opposite action은 Steinach등 및 Sand에 의해 밝혀졌고 거세백서에 estrogen을 투여했을때 유기되는 vaginal mucosa의 epidermization이 testosterone의 투여에 의해 급속히 소진됨을 Currier 일파가 증명하였고 estrogen에 의해 유발된 웅백서 부속성선의 조직변성이 androgen의 동시투여의 소실됨이 homone에 의해 유발된 neoplastic에 대해 유효하리하는 것은 백명한 일이고 이러한 사실은 현재 실시로 허다히 이용되고 있는 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.sup1
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• pp.121-124
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• 2016

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder in phenotypic females that has characteristic physical features and presents as partial or complete absence of the second sex chromosome. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a condition caused by insufficient release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. The concomitant occurrence of TS and GHD is rare and has not yet been reported in Korea. Here we report 2 cases of TS and GHD. In case 1, GHD was initially diagnosed. Karyotyping was performed because of the presence of the typical phenotype and poor response to growth hormone therapy, which revealed 45,X/45,X+mar. The patient showed increased growth velocity after the growth hormone dose was increased. In case 2, a growth hormone provocation test and chromosomal analysis were performed simultaneously because of decreased growth velocity and the typical TS phenotype, which showed GHD and a mosaic karyotype of 45,X/46,XX. The patient showed spontaneous pubertal development. In female patients with short stature, it is important to perform a throughout physical examination and test for hormonal and chromosomal abnormalities because diagnostic accuracy is important for treatment and prognosis.