• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.919-923
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• 1974

Serum calcium level was decreased by submaxillary gland removal in rate. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the above change, the authors examined the effects of thyroxine, vitamin D₂, and calcium gluconate, which influence the metabolisms of calcium and submaxillary gland, on the serum calcium level of the intact and submaxillary gland removal rats. The results were as follows: 1) Serum calcium level decreased by submaxillary gland removal. 2) Vitamin D₂, increased the serum calcium level significantly. 3) Thyroxine falied to recover the decreased serum calcium level induced by submaxillary gland removal to the control level. 4) In submaxillary gland removal rats, vitamin D₂ failed to increase the serum calcium level. 5) In thyroxine administered rats for 55 days, of which submaxillary glands were removed, vitamin D₂ failed to increase the serum calcium level. 6) The serum calcium level in intact rats was increased slightly, but increased significantly in submaxillary gland removal rats shortly after intravenous injection of calcium gluconate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of serum calcium and magnesium levels to depression and anxiety symptoms in 80 homemarker. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured. At the same time, psychological conditions of subjects were estimated by questionnaire. As the result of psychological test, eighty homemarkers were divided into two groups according to psychologicaltest scores. The subjects in one group got high pssycholgoical test scores as high score group (HSG) and the others got low physchological test scores as low score group(LSG). Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly(p<0.05) lower in HSG than in HSG than in LSG. Many a subject who belonged to HSG appeared to have depression and anxiety symptoms. Drepression and anxiety scores of the subjects with calcium supplementation were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those without calcium supplementation . After calcium supplementation, depressiion and anxiety scores were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in HSG and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in HSG were significantly increased to normal ranges . This results suggested that psychological conditions of homemarkers might be affected by serum calcium and magnesium levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.476-484
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• 1989

An epidemiological survey was made on dietary calcium intake, serum total calcium and ionized calcium ion, and serum lipid compositions. Compared with 120 normotensive controls, 101 hypertensive subjects were significantly higher in the levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride, but lower in HDL-cholesterol and higher in the ratio of total choesterol/HDL-chol Hypertensive subjects were also significantly lower in the relative amount of fatty acids C18:2 but higher in those of C20:0, C20:2 and total amount of saturated fatty acids(longer than C14:0) than control serum. Patients were significantly lower in serum total calcium and ionized calcium ion concentrations and significantly less calcium ingestion from milk and dairy produces by feeding frequency test.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of serum calcium and magnesium level to depression and anxiety symptoms in 66 perimenopausal women. Daily nutrient intakes and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by convenient me쇙. General status was conducted by a questionnaire whereas the questionnaire of CED-S(the Center for Epidemiological studies-Depression Scale) was used for depression and Spielburger's STAI-S(state-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State) was used for anxiety. Fasting blood samples were collected, and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured before and after calcium supplementation. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Results indicated that serum calcium concentrations were significantly(P〈0.05) increased to normal ranges after calcium supplementation. Depression and anxiety scores of the subjects with calcium supplementation were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than those before calcium supplementation. There were significantly(P〈0.05) decreased between serum magnesium concentration and depression and anxiety scores, but calcium concentration was not significantly decreased. These results suggest that psychological conditions of perimenopausal women are possibly effected by serum calcium and magnesium levels. More studies are needed to measure the long-term effects of calcium supplementation on psychological conditions in perimenopausal women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the status of calcium intake and serum calcium level in perimenopausal women. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Daily nutrient intake and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by a convenient method and a food frequency questionnaire. At the same time, fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium concentration was measured. The BMD of subjects was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fifty percent of the subjects under 50 years of age ($\leq$49 yr group) and 66.9% of the subjects from 50 years and up ($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Intake of energy (p<0.001), protein (p<0.05), fat (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) was significantly different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much lower than the Korean RDA : 94.9% in $\leq$49 yr group and 87.4% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total calcium in serum was within the normal range in $\leq$49 yr group. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum calcium concentration was positively related to the intake of protein, fat and calcium. Lettuce, sea mustard, bean-curd, anchovy, radish and perilla leaf was included among the major sources of dietary calcium. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum calcium level and calcium intake.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium intake on lipid contents and enzyme activities in rats of different ages. Lipid levels in serum and liver and GOT, CPK and LDH activities in serum were compared in rats of different ages(4 weeks and 10 months) that were fed various levels of calcium(50, 100, 200% of requirement)for 3 weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were significantly higher in young rats than in adults. Serum calcium level was increased by elevation of calcium intake levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high-cal-terol and triglyceride levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high calcium group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Serum GOT and LDH activities of adults were significantly higher in low-calcium group than those in adequate/high-calcium groups. However, serum CPK activity of adults was significantly higher in high-calcium group than that in low/adequate-calcium groups. The results of this study suggest that adequate calcium intake may have protective effects ont he alteration of lipid and enzyme activity in rats.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1999

Objectives: For investigation of the differentiation between transient and permanent hypocalcemia, we focused on a postoperative calcium requirement and an interval of normalization in serum hypocalcemic level and studied for the causes of postoperative hypocalcemia. Material and Method: Postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia was studied in 193 patients who were admitted from January, 1991 to December, 1998 and underwent lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. We compared postoperative serum calcium, phosphate and ionized calcium levels among three groups which were lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy, respectively. Result: All patients revealed postoperative decline in serum calcium and ionized calcium, especially, the lowest serum calcium level was seen in 48 hours after surgery. Serum calcium level was returned to normal in five to six postoperative days in most patients. But 24 patients required calcium supplementation due to symptomatic hypocalcemia. In this series, we discovered that the important period for monitoring of serum calcium level was 24 to 96 hours after surgery. If the calcium replacement therapy was not required in the first 72 hours after surgery, it would not be needed during the remainder of the patient's hospital course. Symptomatic transient hypocalcemia was 22 cases(11.4%) and permanent hypocalcemia was 2 cases(1%). Conclusion : We found that hypoalbuminemia, preoperative hyperthyroidism and impairment of blood supply to parathyroid were the main causes of postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia. We also thought that the interval from initial medication to normalization in serum calcium level, and the increase of requirement in calcium and vitamin D were the important factors for differentiation between transient and permanent hypocalcemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 1999

This study explored the effects of dietary calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone formation, bone composition and calcium metabolism using female Sprague-Dawley weanling rats(mean body weight$\pm$SEM : 232.3$\pm$6.7g) as a model. Rats received high(1.5%) calcium diets for eight weeks during the growth period and were randomly assigned to ovariectomy and sham groups. The two groups were than each randomly divided into three sub-groups and fed 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for eight weeks after operation. The results indicate that body weight gain was higher in ovariectomy groups than sham groups regardless of dietary calcium levels and food intakes. Serum Ca concentration was decreased in low Ca groups after operation and serum P concentration increased in ovariectomy groups. Serum Ca concentration was decreased in low Ca groups after operation and serum P concentration increased in ovariectomy groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in ovariectomy groups and was not influenced by dietary calcium levels after operation. Urinary hydroxyproline decreased in high Ca intake groups regardless of whether rats had received an ovariectomy or not. The weight, length and breaking force of the femur were not significantly different in all groups. Ash, calcium, phosphate and magnesium contents in the femur and lumbar were not significantly different regardless of ovariectomy operation and dietary calcium levels. But high/normal calcium intake after ovariectomy and sham operation increased the weight and calcium content in bone. Therefore, high calcium intake influenced the formation of peak bone mass during the growth period and calcium levels and calcium levels and calcium levels continued to influence bone growth and composition after ovariectomy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 1985

It is well documented that calcium is essential to cardiac contraction and the amplitude of contractility is proportional to the ionized calcium not to total calcium. Changes of serum ionic calcium before and after extracorporeal circulation were observed in fifty two patients operated on at Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, from May 21st, 1984, to July 6th, 1984. They were 28 males and 24 females including 21 acyanotic congenital heart diseases, 21 cyanotic congenital heart diseases, and 10 acquired valvular heart diseases. In general, preoperative serum ionic calcium was around the normal level, but those of immediate postoperative day and postop-first day were decreased subnormally with significance [P<0.05 vs. preop.]. From postop-third day, serum ionic calcium was returned to normal range. No significant difference was noticed in subgroups divided by 10 Kg of body weight and by the methods of myocardial protection. But the change of serum ionic calcium in the patients with prolonged pump time over 90 minutes was remarkable and the values were as follow; on immediate postop-day 1.780.18 mEq/L vs. 1.970.20 mEq/L [P<0.005],on postop-first day, 1.940.20mEq/L vs. 2.060.12 mEq/L [P<0.025], on postop-third day, 2.030.11mEq/L vs. 2.150.13mEq/L [P<0.01], and on postop-seventh day, 2.030.09mEq/L vs. 2.190.11mEq/L [P<0.005]. In summary, the serum ionic calcium was lowered after extracorporeal circulation and even severer degree according to the prolongation of bypass time. So, after extracorporeal circulation esp. in the cases with prolonged bypass time, early correction of lowered serum ionic calcium would be helpful to the postoperative hemodynamics.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2013

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, affecting most of those who are receiving dialysis. Cinacalcet, a novel calcimimetic, targets the calcium-sensing receptor to lower PTH levels in dialysis patients. Objective: This study aimed to assess efficacy, safety and appropriateness of use of cinacalcet in dialysis patients. Method: This retrospective study was performed on total 24 cases with identified intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum calcium and phosphorus levels before and 4 weeks after cinacalcet initiation at a teaching hospital from July 1st, 2011 to October 31st, 2012. Results: Cinacalcet decreased iPTH by 19% from baseline after 4weeks treatment and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Cinacalcet also significantly decreased iPTH levels regardless of dialysis modality (hemodialysis group versus peritoneal dialysis group) and severity of SHPT (iPTH 300-800 pg/ml group versus iPTH >800 pg/ml group). Serum calcium, phosphorus and Ca x P levels were decreased without statistical significance. Gastrointestinal events, headache and hypocalcemia were the most common side effects. Monitoring for iPTH and serum calcium was not performed appropriately. 43.7% patients initiated cinacalcet therapy at serum calcium level< 9.0 mg/dl. Conclusion: In conclusion, cinacalcet lowers parathyroid hormone levels with no serious side effects. However, it is required to avoid cinacalcet treatment in patients with low serum calcium levels and monitor iPTH and serum calcium levels during cinacalcet administration.