• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 1985

Electrophysiological difference of the central and peripheral area of the sinoatrial node in the rabbit was studied by glass microelectrode technique. Effects of $K^+,\;Na^+,\;Cs^+,$ adrenaline and ouabain on the action potential of the two areas were investigated, and transient hyperpolarization ($K^+-induced$ hyperpolarization) which developed following readmission of potassium after having pre-treated with $K^+-free$ Tyrode solution for 10 minutes was analyzed. The results obtained were as follows ; 1) The frequency of the spontaneous action potential recorded in the periphery of the SA node was faster than the central area. Reduction by $Cs^+$ and increase by O mM $K^+$, $10^{-6}M$ adrenaline and $10^{-6}M$ ouabain in the frequency of action potential were noticed more prominently in the peripheral than the central area. On the contrary, the frequency in the central area was more decreased than the Peripheral area by 13 mH $K^+$ and 1 mM $Co^{2+}$. 2) The amplitude of the K+_induced hyperpolarization was very small in the central area but large in the peripheral area. Transient hyperpolarization was abolished by ouabain and low sodium, and decreased by cooling the tissue $(17^{\circ}C)$. 3) By changing the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ in the perfusate, the amplitude and the rate of transient hyperpolarization were increased in the high $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. It could be concluded that the central area of the SA node is less susceptible to the inhibition of Na-Pump and more susceptible to Ca-blocker and high concentration of $K^+$. The Na-Pump activity of the central area measured by means of transient hyperpolarization is found to be much less active than that of the peripheral area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.275-298
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• 2014

This paper aims to delineate Central Business District(CBD) and subcentres of Seoul and compare the functional differences of them by spatial scan statistics. Most existing studies to delimit Seoul CBD have two limits in the methods to make boundaries. First, most Seoul CBD-defining studies presuppose some central area contains CBD and look into just that area in a concentrating manner because it is too difficult to collect the data in a whole city boundary. Therefore the CBD areas have been localized in that study areas. But I analysed the data of the whole area of Seoul and was able to define the CBD and subcentres of Seoul. Second, I analysed the data by a spatial scan statistics technique and was able to minimize the number of subjective items in constructing some conditions for CBD. The CBD area in this study is enlarged eastward over East Gate, a national treasure in Seoul, than the areas in existing studies. In the contrary, westwardly, our CBD is set back a little. The two competing central places in Seoul, CBD and Gangnam have some different specialized subareas. CBD has more governing authorities and wholesale stores and Gangnam has many conglomerates HQs, Offices and cosmetic clinics.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 1990

The contents of Pb and CD measured with the barks of Pinus densiflora in Seoul area, Yangjaedong area near the Kyungbu-highway, Mt. Keryong and Mt. Seolak area, from Sep. to Ock. in 1988. Pb contents in Seoul area were 17.8 ppm at Changkyungkung, 17.1 ppm at Chongamdong, 13.2 ppm at Mt. Kwanak, 7.6 ppm at Mt. Dobong and 3.7 ppm at Mt. Surak. Except Mt. Kwanak, the difference between areas of central and mountains in Seoul were high significant. Mt Seolak area also showed variations in Pb contents from 16.8 ppm to 32.1 ppm according to studied sites. Cd contents in Seoul area were 0.47 ppm at Changkyungkung, 0.65 ppm at Chongamdong, 0.61 ppm at Mt. Kwanak, 0.52 ppm at Mt. Dobong, 0.47 ppm at Mt. Surak. Therefore, Cd contents in Seoul area exhibited more variations between sampling plots than between the areas of central and mountains in Seoul. Mt Seolak area also showed variations from 0.20 ppm to 0.34 ppm in Cd contents, and it was the lowest in all the studied area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-95
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• 1987

In line with the continued growth of car ownership, the traffic problems in central area of metropoles such as Seoul would become increasingly degraded. comparing with most western cities, the problems in Seoul are characterized by the improportionately high rates of intersection delay, station congestion, traffic accidents caused by weaving conflicts and pedestrian congestion. It is caused by the lack of flexibility I street network, which is prerequisite for upholding the efficacy of traffic management and control, resulted from the simplicity of network graph in terms of connectivity, street density and distribution by width. This pattern has been resulted from the prolonged policy pursuing the street-widening of the nagging bottleneck in such a short period since the 1950s, comparing that most western cities had undergone over several centuries an age of horse-and-vehicle transportation. In order to improve the expected traffic problems in central area over the coming periods of motorization, it is imperative to restructure the street network in Central Seoul so that the efficacy of traffic management and control may be operative. Based upon the long-range planning the street network should be restructured by stages so that cenral traffic may be controled by one-way operation and most through-traffic be detoured around fringe area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

From 1990, Seoul Metropolitan Government has established an urban master plan for the efficient city management by introducing the central place structure with a multi-tiered hierarchy. In the plan, Seoul City uses the strategy of developing the station influence area around the urban railway, in order to form the central place structure, effectively. . Therefore, reviewing impacts of urban railway is the most fundamental study for understanding changes in the spatial structures of Seoul. In the study, we have analyzed the changes in the central place structure of Seoul City with the public land price changes in station influence area around the urban railway at each year of 2000, 2005, and 2010. As a result, we could easily recognize the changes in the hierarchical central place structure by analyzing the time-series changes of public land price in station influence area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study is to delimit the boundary of central business district and to describe the internal structure of CBD in Seoul. To delimit the CBD boundary, we used the locational matrices of main CBD functions, which were ofganized through fieldworks. CBD functions are classified into 20 categories. They are retail sales, corporation managements, administration managements, business, and unclassified services, customer(personal)services, and manufacturings. The core area of CBD in Seoul is at Chongro and Chung Gu area that shows the locational consistency comparing to 1970s. Although the boundary is slightly expanded into west, south and east, the extent of horizontal expansion in CBD can be negligible comparing to the remarkable growth of Korean economy after 1970s. The reasons why CBD showed little expansion can be found out from the process of restructuring in Seoul metropolitan area, such as the growth of subcenters, decentralization of central functions, construction of highrise buildings, redevelopment in central area and so on. Internal structure of Seoul's CBD shows 5 specialized functional subdistricts. They are CBD core area, subdistrict of department and office functions, retail sales, customer services and light manufacturings.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.184-186
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• 2005

Increasement of power demand rapid industrial growth has led the expansion of power system, and it caused construction of large power transmission line(like 765kV T/L) and substation. If there are T/L faults (route contingency etc), it lead to the large scale black out in SEOUL AREA (the center of load). To minimize damage which caused by the large scale black out, KEPCO selects the method of load shadding. In this work, instead of general method of load shadding, We study the application of UVLS model to decrease the load shadding in SEOUL AREA. The study result of using the UVLS model showed that the amont of load shadding can be decreased about 400 MW compare to the existing load shadding system.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.213-226
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• 1993

In Korea, the urban studies of geography have mainly dealt with such a series of research as system of urban place and internal structure of urban area. The existing studies have been carried out with ecological approach. Ecologists, now a days, regard organiation and transfor-mation of the urban space as the process of invasion, succession, and segregation. However it is more proper that cities should be considered not as fragmantary objects, as some ecologists insist, but as synthetic ones in social structure. This research, with adopting a case of the renewasl of central area in Seoul, tried to make it clear that the formation and transition of the city is a product of social structure and examined polical and economic logic which exists in variation of urban space in detail. The results of this study are as follows; Urban renewal of central area is closely related with production and reproduction in capitalist society. In urban center, as business activities had increased since 1973 due to decen-tralization of production process, the necessity of reorganizing the land use in existing central area accordingly increased. The urban renewal program of central area in Seoul was inrroduced under such situation. The urban renewal of central area reflecting the capital logic has changed the central area with six hundred year's tradition. From the urban renewal of central area, not only was the central area, which traditionally had been mixed with various fun-ctions, simplified into the unitary area of busi-ness, but also physical landscape changed. As the land lot in renewal area expanded into regular shape, buildings became larger and taller. The program tremendously raised the price of related area. Aiming at these profits caused by the raised price, a great number of capitalists participated in the program. And as the benefit ratio of the manufacture sector continuously dropped with the economic recession, the pro-gram was carried out much more vigorously. That was because the idle capital accumulated during the recession was invested in property sector and was self-proliferated. The urban renewal raised the land value of central area and drove out the people living in this area. The people moved into the whole parts of the city resulting diffused squatter settlements. And the urban changes in central area were results of the policy of municipal authorities, who supported and systematized the changes lawfully and administratively, as well as reali-zation of capital logic. Due to the renewal policies of central area in Seoul, much more renewals by the only capitalists were carried out than those by the people themselves living in that area. The integration of land ownership in the law of urban renewal shows the reason of that. Moreover, the law allows the third deve-loper to participate in the tasks and admits the land expropriation rights. The municipal autho-rities guaranteed the profitability of the tasks through finacial aid, tax benifit, and relaxation of regulations for construction. As examined above, the changes in the land use of urban space have been led not by the ecological process of development of the city itself, but by the restructuring of capitalism and the intervention of the government authorities.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.139-154
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• 2015

This paper uses the Heckman model to evaluate the income difference between the public sector and the private sector based on the CHNS data. The research finds that the difference of the public sector versus the private sector between the west area and the east area is about 10% from 1989 to 2000, the transition of the income difference is smooth, that data has made sharp increase to 32% from 2000 to 2011. Considering the income difference between the west area and the central area, the central area and the east area from 1989 to 1997, the data is about 10~15%, from 2000 to 2011 is rocketing time, the data reaches 20%. This paper is very revealing about the income difference ofthe public sector versus the private sector is increasing year after year, and the economy is developing rapidly but with imbalance among different areas in China. It would provides the reference for adjust the income distribution system in future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.479-487
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to localize the central nuclei innervating the rat colon using pseudorabies virus-Bartha strain which has been known as a very useful neurotracer. The results were as follows. The central nuclei innervating the proximal colon were premotor area, subfornical organ, preoptic area in telencephalon, and paraventricular nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, retrochiasmatic area in the diencephalon, and periaqueductal gray, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, tegmental nucleus in the mesencephalon, and parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, A5 area, $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nucleus, magnocellular reticular nucleus in the metencephalon, and nucleus tractus solitarius, A1 noradrenergic cell group, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus ambiguus, area postrema in the myelencephalon. In the spinal cord, the thoracic division had some nuclei innervating the proximal colon. The nuclei innervating the distal colon were paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalon, Edinger-Westphal nucleus of midbrain, and parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, A5 area, $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nucleus, magnocellular reticular nucleus of the metencephalon, and nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus ambiguus, area postrema in the myelencephalon. In the spinal cord, thoracic, lumbar and sacral division innervated the distal colon.