• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1998

Recently the concept of 'empowerment' not only attracts attention in the area of management but also is considered as an useful concept in the areas of nursing theory. practice, education, and research. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the concept 'empowerment'. More concretely, it is to find the concept that can be applied appropriately to the area of nursing management. This study uses Walter & Avant's(1983) process of concept analysis. The attributes of empowerment based on the concept can be defined concisely as follows : 1. a dynamic and interaction process 2. a partnership which values self and others : power shaving 3. mutual decision-making using resources, opportunities, and authority 4. accept autonomy and responsibility Antecedents of empowerment consist of 1) mutual trust and respect, 2) education and support, 3) participation and commitment. In regard to the consequences of empowerment, it is expected to 1) positive self-esteem, 2) ability to set and reach goals, 3) the promotion of organization's effectiveness and productivity, 4) provide effective and high quality health-care, 5) a sense of hope for the future. The concept of empowerment is certainly believed that it will help future nurses since they needs an integrated technique that can treat acute and chronic patients' nursing, individuals, families, and communities. Therefore. it is necessary to develop the instrument including the defining attributes identified in this study. Also, it is need follow up study of this concept.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.24
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• pp.143-155
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• 1995

Unlike pure art such as painting and sculpture, dressmaking , a field of special plastic art, is characterized by its physical and functional nature. Having an inseparable relation with form, it is a field of art expressiion the human innersense of beauty in correlation with other various fields of art. In this respect, I think it should be necessary for us to study the forms of art from the past in order to study the forms of art from the past in order to study the correlations and mutual influencies between forms of pure art and dressmaking and to understand modern dressmaking from the standpoint of art. In this context, this study is an attempt to analze how the form and characteristics of OP ART , which represents the trends of the 1960's is embodied in modern dresses. The results are as follows : Fist , the expression of OP ART in dresses have visual effects harmonizing with bodily movements and , also, expanded the range and dynamics of expression which resulted from the introduction of visual phenomena in a fresh new sense by not limiting itself to the suggestion of patterns of OP ART. Second, OP ART paintings expressed the mobility and rhythimicity of a body in a limited space in a two-dimensional plane way of expression . When a dress is worn, however, it expands such mobility and rhythmicity in a cubic , three-dimensional way, maximizing the effects of , and boldly expression, OP ART, it can also create a new silhuette and ability of formation by seeking an open expression of OP ART rather than an expression of OP ART it self , due to the infinite possibility and unpredictability by the dynamics of movements and the elements principle of designs. Third , by applying the patterns of OP ART to dresses, we can obtain special visual effects of design, cover up the body's weak points, and create a desired three -dimensional sense by highlighting the beauty of the body's curved lines. Although modern dresses and OP ART are different genres of art, both have something in common in their pusuits. Since there is a infinite possibility in OP ART, there should be continuous attempts to combine dresses and art satisfying the sense of the times, which will lead dressmaking to a higher-dimensional dressmaking plastic art.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.25
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• pp.137-166
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• 2009

Prior studies on Nam-myoung characteristics used to focus on practical confucianism of "Kyeong Eui (Respect and righteousness)" ideology. However, in the strict sense, what are the elements that can define Nam-myoung as a historical figure and as he has been in his time and after his death? Is it his philosophy established and derived from respect and righteousness? For this, I have a quite different view. All of literatures about Nam-myoung from his and his posterity time consistently most highly valued the idea of "Entering the government service and live in seclusion" advocated by Nam-myoung who consistently refused to be assigned any post from the government. This study aims to look into his idea by examining his personality and to find out the basis of his idea implied through the examination. He discussed the practices of "Entering the government service and live in seclusion" of other historical and present figures of his time through critical examination on them. For setting the reference for determining the reasonability for their practice of such idea, Nam-myoung pointed out "foresight" for understanding "Gimi (shade)" of which "Gi" is the diverging point of good and evil. He understood if one puts aside self-interest and observes the law of nature, one would be a good and lucky man but if one includes self-interest in the law of nature one would be a wicked man. His view on anyone entering government service when the time is against the person to obtain the post or when the person is unable to fill the post satisfactorily, was that they are 'people with self-interest' and therefore their practice of entering the government service and living in seclusion is wrong.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-59
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• 2004

This study examines longitudinally influences that parents have on their children's academic achievement and the mediating role of various psychological factors. In terms of parents-child relationship, the following variables are examined: Social support from parents, achievement pressure, parental expectation, sense of indebtedness to parents, and respect for parents. For adolescents functioning, the following variables are examined: Efficacy for self-regulated learning, achievement motivation, studying time, and academic achievement. In the first phase of the longitudinal study, a total of 961 Grade 6 students completed a questionnaire. In the second phrase, a total of 856 students completed a questionnaire when they were Grade 7. In the third phrase, a total of 830 students completed a questionnaire when they were Grade 9. In the third phase, a matched sample of 722 fathers and 767 mothers of the adolescents completed a questionnaire. From the sample, 694 matched sample of adolescents, mothers, and fathers have been selected for the following analysis. The results of the path analysis indicate that adolescents' past academic grade was the most powerful predictor of adolescents' current academic achievement. Second, a sense of indebtedness felt towards the parents increased adolescents' achievement motivation, which increased their studying time and which in turn positively affected their academic achievement. Third, adolescents' respect for their parents increased their efficacy for self-regulated learning, which had a positive effect on their academic achievement. Fourth, parental social support increased adolescents' efficacy for self-regulated learning and parental achievement pressure increased adolescents' achievement motivation. Fifth, parental expectation had positive influence on adolescents' academic achievement. Sixth, efficacy for self-regulated learning had direct positive influence on academic achievement. These results indicate that the past achievement is the most important predictor of adolescents' current academic achievement and parent-child relationship and efficacy for self-regulated learning are also important variables that influence adolescents' achievement.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.267-276
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• 2005

Advertisement is a creation. However, it is not a sort of self-sufficient creation as can be found in the fine arts that start from and end with an artist's personal sense but an inter-subjective creation formed from the dose relationship between the inner senses of other persons as social factor and the meanings of symbols. In this respect, how to systematically express the cultural aspects seen from the convergence of 'words' and ‘images' that are coexisting within the ads expression depends on the inter-subjective mutual sensitivity between ads creator and consumer. Therefore, it is assumed that the quality of impact the ads expression has is not a personal sense of ads creator based on a consumer survey but an intuitive judgement made by both of them who share their lifestyles. In conclusion, the finding of the quality of impact of ads expression through the lifestyle of ads creator is to make sure that, by directly applying the lifestyle exposed from within the prerequisites of customer to that of ads creator, the inter-subjective ads creation needs to be formulated.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2021

The number of single-parent families in South Korea increased since 2000, related to a sharp rise in the divorce rate of 50s and an increase in male mortality rates among those aged 40s-50s. Middle-aged single mothers experience a critical period realizing self-actualization needs, while being in the middle adulthood from the lifespan developmental perspective. In this respect, it is significant to study self-actualization of middle-aged single mothers through guided imagery and music (GIM) in order to provide them with psychological support. This study was conducted from September 2018 to June 2020, and the GIM sessions were conducted at least 10 times. Four participants were selected among the middle-aged single mothers. The imagery experiences of participants in the GIM sessions were classified into four sub-elements: physicalness, emotion, memory, and sense. Within those sub-elements, eight semantic units were categorized into 46 elements. Finally, 152 semantic units were derived. Moreover, the self-actualization which participants experienced through GIM presented three archetypal images: shadow, persona, and the self. In the GIM sessions, experiences of putting their negative emotions associated with family into words and changing passive self-imagery into active one enabled participants to bring the shadow into their consciousness, there by recognizing their positive and bright internal self. Furthermore, participants could map that their current status as people marginalized by siblings and parents, enraged and holding double standards for others, was suppressed by their 'good daughter' and 'religious' personas. This realization lead them to realize and restore their persona. The use of GIM in the study allowed participants to elicit re-experiences of the negative events, while experiencing various imagery and music. This process helped participants achieve self-actualization.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.348-358
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• 2001

This study was designed to identify the relationship between the level of sense of coherence(SOC) and coping resources of nurses working in hospital. The subjects of this study were 248 nurses working at C University hospital in Seoul. The data was collected during the period from July 1. to July 14. 2001. The insruments for this study were SOC scale by Antonovsky(1987) and Coping Resources Inventory by author. The analysis of data was done by simple statistics, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient with SAS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Total mean SOC was 132.1/203.0 with a range 96.0 to 171.0. The mean score of this item was arranged according to three areas. The meaningfulness was 4.9, managability was 4.7, and comprehensibility was 4.2. 2. Total mean coping resources was 144.5/225.0 with a range 93.0 to 190.0. The highest mean score of item according to the area was social support 4.0 and the lowest mean score was self care coping 2.7. 3. A significant statistical difference between age, religion, spending money and SOC was found. 4. Significant statistical difference between age, educational level, spending money, working period and coping resources were found. 5. Coping resources by the level of SOC was high in the highest group of SOC(F=6.19, p=0.00). With respect to the area of coping resources, higher group of SOC was using much coping resources generally except area of leisure. 6. SOC was positively related to age(r=0.17), working periods(r=0.16), each SOC area, coping resources and all area of them except leisure. 7. The coping resources were positively related to age(r=0.21), working periods(r=0.21), SOC (r=0.49), each coping resources area, and each SOC area. In conclusion, we confirmed that the level of SOC of the subjects was low relatively and the high level of sense of coherence was related to the high score of coping resources. Therefore, it could also contribute to select suitable nurses in their fields. In the future, it's necessary to develop strategies improving SOC.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.559-568
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey and analysis of 249 children of the Fragment Love Sharing Society to find out the impact of the association program on children. Correlation analysis was conducted using the SPSS Statistics 23 program to confirm the relationship between scholarship students and scholarship management institutions, and regression analysis was conducted to confirm the impact of the relationship between scholarship students and the scholarship management institution. According to the analysis, the higher the satisfaction level of scholarships, the higher the level of career proficiency and yesterday's happiness, and the more satisfied the child is with the benefits of the crumb scholarship, the higher the sense of self-respect, career maturity, and yesterday's happiness. Based on these findings, support measures were discussed for children with ties.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2018

The present study aimed to develop a self-reported measurement instrument - the Empathetic School Community Competency Inventory (ESCCI)-to better understand members' empathetic sense to schools as their community in the context of secondary schools in South Korea. Based on a synthesis of the literature on the school community, empathy, and competencies, and a series of preliminary analyses with a panel of expert judges and pilot tests, initial ESCCI items were developed. In total, 435 students and 134 teachers from secondary schools in South Korea provided usable data as measured by the ESCCI. The results of EFA and CFA suggested a five-factor model: culture of respect ( α = .94), empathetic community identity ( α = .93), communication structure (α = .91), emotion immersion (α = .91), and caring process (α =.89) with χ² (980, n = 285) = 3080.169; p-value < .0001, RMSEA = 0.068; 90% CI [.059, .064], p-value < .0001; CFI = .88; SRMR = 0.04; and TLI = .88, leaving 46 items out of initially developed 76 items. The ESCCI model developed based on the findings of the study can be used to assess schools' competency as an empathetic community and design programs to promote empathetic school cultures in secondary schools in South Korea. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting the bum out syndrome and its degree in terms of personal, organizational and clients characteristics, and then to find the ways to reduce or eliminate those factors. The 228 doctors and the nurses who worked at the emergency departments in 6 general hospitals with more than 700 beds in Seoul were surveyed from April 15, 2002 for 15 days. A structured self-recording questionnaire was used; the t-test and ANOVA was used to analyse the median difference between the occupation, and multiple regression was employed to find the factors affecting the bum-out syndrome. The summary of this research analysis is as follows : First, of several variables, the highest frequency of the burn-out was the emotional burn-out followed by lack in personal touch toward the patients, decrease in sense of personal achievement. These results indicate that the doctors and nurses in emergency departments experience higher degree of burn-out than the social workers and the nurses who work at other departments in heath care environment as other studies revealed. Second, the analysis of the total burn-out factors showed the lower self respect, younger age, heavier work load, higher dissatisfaction rate toward remuneration and not-so-smooth relationship with the patients and their relatives the higher burn out rate. These variables explained 54% of the total variables. Third, the nurses experienced more burn-out syndrome than the doctors. The degree of self-respect, work pattern, relationship with the clients, age and remuneration were the causes of the burn-out. The doctors recorded lack in personal touch toward the patients more, while the nurses more to emotional exhaustion. The limitations of this research are the subjective answers of the respondents to certain questions and differences in sample numbers of each hospital in which some reservation can be exercised in explaining statistical significance of the data, and generalizing the conclusion. Despite of its limitation, this research has its own merit as an unpreceded research in this field, and provision of the basic materials to prevent and find causes of the burn-out syndrome among the doctors and nurses in the emergency departments.