• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2003

Considering possible legal and policy problems with regard to the Cheju Strait, a central issue is whether the Cheju Strait should be treated as Korean territorial sea or an international strait The claim that the strait is territorial sea has been based on the use of a straight baseline method of dermarcation With the use of straight baseline, Korea claims that the breadth of the Cheju Strait is only 20.7 miles at its narrowest point and therefore the strait becomes the territorial sea of Korea. The consideration cf marine pollution has weighed heavily in claiming the Cheju Strait as territorial sea. Pollution resulting from the accidents cf tankers caused by fire, collision, or stranding in the Cheju Strait and the Korea Strait would be enormous, affecting the entire coastal waters of the south coasts cf Korea's mainland and Japan's Tsushima Islands areas. Catastrophic pollution in the Cheju Strait could also come from the accidents cf large-size oil tankers passing through the Korea Strait from the Malacca Strait Although the Korean government considers the geographic and socioeconomic conditions sufficient to justify Korea's claim of the Cheju Strait as territorial sea, it believes that declaring it so would raise considerable legal conflicts with maritime states. In view of the legal difficulties and the need to meet the problems arising from the growing vessel traffic in the Cheju Strait, the sea lanes and traffic separation schemes may be considered an alternative to the internationalization of the Cheju Strait Even if the Korean government dose not do so, the regime of innocent passage should be applied to vessels passing through the Strait and should not suspend innocent passage through the Strait. Therefore, the Korean government needs to have a more legal, pragmatic, functional and managerial approach than a purely sovereign and selfish approach to the solution of legal matters of the Cheju strait For this purpose, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea would serve as a guide and also self-restraint and cooperative approaches would become norms governing the resolution of the law of the sea issues in the Cheju Strait.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
• /
• no.6
• /
• pp.27-50
• /
• 2008

This thesis examines contemporary Chinese painting after the Cultural Revolution(1966~76), focusing upon so-called "Chinese Pop art", which I termed as "Socialist Pop art". I considered the art of this period within the broader context of social changes especially after the Tienanmen incident of 1989. After the Cultural Revolution during which idolization of Chairman Mao was at its peak, one of the major changes in communist China was that an anti-Mao wave was generated in almost every social class. For example, novels that revealed the hardships during the Cultural Revolution were published. Posters that openly criticized the Maoism were also produced and displayed on the walls, and demand for democracy spurred widespread activist movements among young generations. These broad social changes were also reflected in art. A variety of art movements were introduced from the West to China, and after a period of experimentation with the new imported styles, artists began to apply the new artistic idiom to their works in order to visualize their own social and political realities they lived in. It was a shift from earlier Socialist Realism to a new expression either directly or indirectly, "Socialist Pop", an amalgam of Socialist Realism and Pop art tradition. After the 1989 crackdown of Tienanmen Square protest, when communist government quelled with brutal measures the students, workers, and ordinary people who rose for democracy, greater urge to protest the Deng Xiaoping regime emerged. This time coincided with the gradual emergence of art using Pop art vocabulary to satirize the social reality, the Socialist Pop art, along with many other art forms all with avant-garde spirit. One of the most frequent subjects of Chinese Pop art was visual images of Chairman Mao and his Cultural Revolution, and new China that was saturated with capitalism, which tainted the Chinese way of life with a Western way of consumerism and commercialism. The reason for the popularity of Mao's image was spurred by the "Mao Craze" in the early 1990's. People suddenly began to fall in a kind of nostalgia for the past, and once again, Mao Zedong was idolized as an entity who can heal the problems of modern China who had been marching towards their ultimate destination, the economic development. But this time Chairman Mao was no more an idol but just a popular, commercial product. He is no more an object of worship of almost religious nature but he has become an iconography symbolizing the complex nature of present Chinese society. During this process of depicting the social reality, Chinese artists are making the authority and sanctity of Maoism ineffective. Dealing with this new trend of contemporary Chinese art in view of "Socialist Pop art" two manners of re-creating Pop art can be illustrated: one that incorporates the propaganda posters of the Cultural Revolution; the other borrows from Chinese traditional popular imagery or mass media, such as photos taken during Mao era. What is worth mentioning is that these posters and photos of the Cultural Revolution can be identified as 'popular' media, as they were directed to educate the popular mass, thus combination of this ingenuous pop media with Western Pop art can be fully justified as a genre unique to China. Through this genre, we can discover a new chapter of the Chinese contemporary painting and its society, as their Pop art can be considered as self-portraits true to their present appearances.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.50
• /
• pp.299-325
• /
• 2018

Humans have made a third person over a long history and differentiated them from each other. Discrimination of 'us' and 'them' has led Derrida to make works to look upon the human nature towards animal strangers. This study tries to examine upon the expansion of animal strangers by focusing on 'The Animal That Therefore I am.' Furthermore, the research asserts to pay more attention to animal strangers by looking at his works of how modern people think about animals in the current society. Derrida expresses his 'humiliation' that he felt when he faced his cat after a shower. This emotion brings up the topic that was neglected in the conventional wisdom and casts doubts on this. This emotion of humuliation is only felt by humans, and he explains this is one way of feeling like a 'human.' The researcher therefore focuses on the 'experiences of humans' and looks at the ambivalence of humans in culture and the irony in natural animals. This perspective criticizes Speciesism, which considers people other than oneself able to be suffered. This view also tried to escape anthro-pocentrism and looked at the animals on their own. This study examines current animal strangers with theories of Donna Haraway and Jane Goodal, and analyzes Derrida's artworks with Susan Sontag's philosophy. This aims to lead to a conclusion of how to reach an optimal relationship between human and animal. By focusing on Derrida, who has not been highlighted yet in this country, hopes to create effective communication between human and animal by explaining his artworks through new philosophy of animals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2013

This study analyzed the consciousness and attitudes of local residents to the development plan of Sobaeksan Jarackgil by applying the social exchange theory to provide basic data for the establishment of the Mountainous Ecology Trail Development Plan, collecting opinions of local residents. For this, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey and personal interview targeting 150 residents of seven villages. Summarizing the results, first, because of analyzing the consciousness of the residents, most of the local residents turned out to be aware of the Sobaeksan Jarackgil development plan and agreed on it. Second, as a result of analyzing the consciousness of residents, for attitudes according to gender, females expected more than males of exchanging with visitors and excavation of cultural assets. Furthermore for attitudes according to age, groups aged under 60 turned out to be concerned about the increase of environmental pollutions, rise in crimes, destruction of cultures, and the induction of conflicts among residents. For attitudes according to occupations, farm workers were worried about the destruction of ecology, and for local characteristics and damages to the landscape, all of the local residents turned out to be concerned. It was shown that groups that agreed on the development plan expected positively on most of the items of economic, environmental, and sociocultural aspects, while those that disagreed on the plan were anxious for negative effects such as landscape damages and the increase of environmental pollutions from the environmental point of view, and the induction of conflicts among residents from the point of sociocultural perspective.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.119-131
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the trends and contents of intervention towards children using meta analysis, to support the basis for using in the field and research method about nursing intervention. We used 27 materials which was reported from 1970 to August, 1999 : dissertation study and Korean Nurses' Academic society Journals, the Journal of Korean Academic society of Adult Nursing, The Korea Journal of Maternal and Child Health Nursing. The types of intervention we used came from 3 different researchers. Snyder showed cognitive, movement, social sensory intervention. McCloskey & Bulechek categorized as the following : self-care assistance, acute care management, life-style alteration, health promotion, life support intervention, Craft & Denehy classified psychosocial intervention and biophysiological intervention. Some findings are summarized as follow : Out of the 27 researches sensory intervention had the most in there thesis, recently cognitive intervention research has a tendency to increase. 18 researches has acute care management in there theses, and health promotion was found the least. Out of the 27 thesis 15 thesis was classified as biophysiological intervention and 12 had psychosocial. 27 thesis had 11 types of interventions which originally was categorized by Snyder, therefore sensory intervention thesis had the most. 11 types of intervention which originally was classified by McClosky & Bulechek, teaching and information had the most out of acute care management. Out of 27 thesis, 14 had dealt with newborns, especially newborns with sensory intervention. Therefore school age and above had cognitive intervention which was used for teaching and information. Infants, preschool, schoolage children received acute care management the most, health promotion intervention was used towards adolescences. Depending on the characteristics of dependent variables, it was analysed using meta however 17 thesis are possible except primary experimental research. Mean effect size comparison by Snyder classification, cognitive intervention was the largest mean(1.51), sensory intervention was larger(0.71) also, movement intervention was in the middle(0.56) as shown. Comparison done by McClosky & Bulechek, the intervention leading to life style alteration was the largest mean(1.97), teaching was used the most. Comparison by Craft & Denehy classification, psychosocial intervention was larger(1.15) than biophysiological intervention (0.67). The result of nursing intervention through age classification, the largest weighted mean effect size in the research was towards infants and neonates. The research which was focused on nursing intervention, has important meaning in nursing practice and knowledge development. When we know that children's nursing intervention is necessary and overcome our biased view, efficiency of children's nursing intervention are increased and professionalized. Therefore results will be important basic data to guide a development of child nursing intervention & classification.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.73-94
• /
• 2008

When individuals collaborated in virtual settings, communication is medicated through a variety of communication technologies, and is associated not only with communication effectiveness but also with socio-emotional interactions among group members. In this regards, scholars have examined how technology-mediated communication systems can be designed and used to facilitated communication interaction. However, the empirical results of the previous studies have revealed inconsistencies in the effects of communication media on users' behavioral or attitudinal responses, and on their viable effectiveness in organizations. Some studies claim that computer-mediated communication(CMC) is task-oriented but not suitable for emotional expression since it hinders close interpersonal interaction. On the other hand, some studies argue that individuals are able to develop interpersonal relationships more effectively in a CMC environment than in an FtF-environment. Due to the different perspectives, a theoretical gap exists, and it leads to the inconsistent research findings. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two different perspectives into single unified model, thereby providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding about virtual collaboration. The present study here sought to answers the following questions with organizational communication perspective: What are the major components of virtual collaboration? What factors affect the performance of virtual collaboration? And what kind of managerial efforts should organization make in order to facilitate CMC media effectiveness in virtual collaboration? Although there is a certain belief that new media, namely technology-mediated communication support would create new opportunities, the problem of "how" or "why" has been an important question that is still not fully addressed. In this regards, we collectively reexamined previous literatures with major issues which are still controversial and integrated various theoretical activity within computer-mediated communication domain: task-oriented approach, socio-emotional approach, and evolutionary psychological approach. Our first contribution is to develop a framework for virtual collaboration by combining two different perspectives into a single unified model, providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding. The second main contribution is the joint modeling of both social presence and cognitive effort, and the effects on two distinct but important communication outcomes(i.e., take performance and relational development). We tested the research hypotheses which were developed based on the various CMC theories using data gathered through a self-administered mail survey of 127 individuals of 69 virtual workgroups. The proposed model was supported, providing preliminary evidence that the tension between two opposite view should be integrated. The results show that the individual's psychological processes(social presence and cognitive effort) in a virtual environment significantly mediated the effect of CMC inputs (media richness, user adaptation, and shared contest) on the CMC outputs (task performance and relational development). Furthermore, this study shows that the lack of perceived media richness of CMC media can be complemented by user adaptation and shared context. Based on the results, we discuss how communication system should be designed and implemented so as to promote virtual interaction as well as how a virtual workgroup should be composed to complement the lack of media richness. A virtual collaboration using CMC media may create new value by overcoming the logistical constraints. On the other hand, it may also generate various managerial risks such as communicational depersonalization, process dissatisfaction, and low cohesion. Therefore, this study suggests that organization managers should carefully choose the CMC mediums and monitor individual member's cognitive and affective psychological processes during virtual collaboration to reduce potential risks in virtual collaboration.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.159-177
• /
• 2006

Governance systems are basically an autonomous cooperation type among the government, civil society and market, also a new paradigm for efficient and democratic administration of policies. The governance mainly consists of the central operating body, institutions, operating principles and so on. The constituents are the nation(government), civil society(NGO) and market(firm). Institutional conditions are a legitimate base, financial stability and independency. And as a operating principle, governance systems have common goals and issues from a national and social point of view. This governance has been recently emerged due to financial risk of government, diffusion of new liberalism going with the globalization, localization-decentralization, and development of civil society and information-oriented society. We have to grope fur the framework of participatory agri- policy confronting globalization and localization as well as developing our agriculture and rural village. This agri-policy governance should be theoretically focused on policy network or self-organizing network or multi-lateral governance (MLG) based on NPM. Also, it is proper to have connection of nation-central type and civil society-central type. And it is necessary to have a MLG type with local governance corresponding to localization and decentralization. Governance should have the type whose participants have authority and responsibility as well. Basic directions of environmentally friendly agri-policy governance are as follows : first, its purposes are constructing the democratic and efficient framework of participatory environmentally friendly agri-policy based on consensus of all the related groups, embodying environmentally friendly agri-policy adjusted to local field, raising farmer's real interest, and improving their position. Second, its form should have a council or an agreement system, not an advisory or a consultation organ. Thus, public sector(eg. government) and voluntary sector(eg. farmers' organization) jointly execute agricultural policy and are responsible together. Environmentally friendly agri-policy governance is mainly made up of farmers' organization, cooperative and civil society(NGO). And secondary bodies are agribusinesses and academic groups. Government interacts with the main bodies on administrative execution. And environmentally friendly agri-policy governance has MLG type with a central unit, province and county units. Environmentally friendly agri-policy governance has several main functions such as agri-policy partnership, speaking for farmer's rights and interests, investigation and research on domestic and foreign agricultural streams, and etc. Especially, local unit will play roles in activation for regional agriculture, consulting on technique and management, education and training services, services entrusted by government, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.217-230
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out problems in obesity management through survey and analysis of the actual conditions from the view of a elementary schools school-nurses and to establish fundamental data for efficient obesity management. The subjects for this study were 313 numbers of elementary school-nurses in Kyung-Sang-Pook-Do. The data were collected through mail questionaries from November 1 to November 30, 1997. The major findings in this survey were as follows: 49.8% of the school-nurses who responded in the survey were in their 30s. The average career was 7.3years. The average service duration in their present school was 2.3 years, 55.6% of them were serving at schools which have less than ten classes total 77.2% of them were serving rural areas, 79.6% of them were serving at schools with fewer than 100 obese students. The total obesity prevalence rate was 11.4%, 13.3% were girls, 9.3% were boys. The measurement of height and weight is performed once a year for all surveyed students (91.7%), but obese students were measured as much five times (51.1%). The rate of obesity management planning was 74.1%, however the rates of evaluation and role assignment were 41. 2%, and 24.3%. 79.6% of the surveyed schools have health education classes for obesity, the rate compared (8.0 periods per year) to the whole of health education (79.1 periods per year) is 10.1%. 99.9% of the schools had counseling rooms for obesity (combined with nursing rooms) but they were used. The roote of individual counseling was 84.3%. The frequency counseling was six times a year for about 15 minutes. Obesity counseling records were kept 93.6% of the time and individual information cards were kept 98.7% of the time. The frequency of parents counseling was 42.8% and the survey shows that the main problem here was insufficient counseling facilities. The frequency of dietary guidance and exercise therapy was 84.3% and the dietary instructor was usually the school nurse at 51.7%. The frequency of obesity student exercise was 1-2 times a week and more-than-10-minutes at a time. They skip rope during the morning self-study class. The number on problem of exercise guidance at 56.2% was students' non-cooperativeness. School-nurses, 87.9%, answered that obesity management at school is necessary and 86.9% mentioned the shortage of obesity related information in present physical exercise books. From the plural responses of executing the obesity management, there are many similar problems: lack of knowledge and non-cooperation in parents at 41.9%, is predominant followed by of knowledge and non-cooperation in the children. The third problem is the lack of funds and facilities.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.494-501
• /
• 2000

Background: Transmyocardial laser revascularization(TMLR) for revascularizing ischemic myocardium in patients was originally based on the assumption that laser channels remain their patency much longer. But recent studies show that laser channels did not remain open and that TMLR could achieve treatment benefits without long-term channel patency. The angiongencesis is currently thought to be induced by non-specific inflammatory response to mechanical tissue injury. This study is to evaluate hypothesis that various transmyocaridal mechanical revascularization(TMMR) may induce the angiogenic responses similar to that seen with TMLR, and transmyocaridal polymer stent revascularization(TMSR), the polymer stent in the myocardial tissue is hydrolyzed in 2 weeks, may enhance the non-specific inflammatory reaction resulting angiogenesis. Furthermore, polymer myocaridal stent channels remain long-term patency. Material and Method: Eight domestic pigs underwent ligation of the proximal circumflex artery, and 2 weeks later they were randomized to undergo transmycardial acupunctural revascularization (TMPR, Group I) of the left lateral wall with 18-G needle(n=2), to undergo transmyocardial (TMDR, Group II) with industrial 2mm steel drill(n=2), to undergo transmyocardial polymer stent revascularization (TMSR, Group III) after drilling the infarcted myocardium(n=2), the stent is poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), which is self-degradated in the myocardium, and to a control group the ischemic zone was unterated(n=2). All the pigs were sacrificed after 4 weeks TMMR. Sections from the ischemic zone were submitted for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ELISA and histology. Result: There were makedly increase in the VEGF immunoassay in the ischemic zone of the TMMR group compared to the ischemic zone of the control group(control: each 30.85 and 43.15pg/mg protein, TMPR: each 44.14 and 68.61 pg/mg protein, TMDR: each 65.92 and 78.65 pg/mg protein, TMSR: each 177.39 and 168.87 pg/mg protein). TMSR channels caused greatest VEGF expression than channels made by other group and the polymer stent channels remained vacuole after 4 weeks. Conclusion: Transmyocardial polymer stent revascularization promoted the most angiogenci response by the VEGF immunoassay, although our study did not show the statistical significancy. The channels remained but the flow patency was not verified. Transmyocardial polymer stent revascularization (TMSR) is desirable in future experimental trials and in view of the significant cost implications comparable to that of laser.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.173-185
• /
• 2003

This study mainly intends to determine the factors for which dental technicians are satisfied with their jobs and how much the resulting job transfer rate is and thus to identify the correlation between them. For these purpose, 200 subjects were sampled out of dental technicians in Seoul and Incheon, and the survey was performed from July 19, 2002 to August 15 (for 25 days) with self-administered questionnaire. Out of all collected questionnaires, 131 pieces(65.5%) were addressed for this study. As for the tools for this study, the structured questionnaire was used with its proven reliability and feasibility, and the contents of questionnaire consisted of 32 questions on the basis of related references. The contents of questionnaire were categorized into 3 sections: General attribute of subjects; Factors for which dental technicians are satisfied with their jobs; and their intention of job transfer. The questionnaire consisted of total 32 questions which included general attribute of subjects(10 questions), factors of their satisfaction with jobs(17 questions) and intention of job transfer(5 questions). The data analysis was processed by computerized system with SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Statistical analysis techniques included frequency, percentage, T-test, F-test analysis and regression analysis. As a result of those analyses, the conclusion can be summarized as follows: 1. As a result of analyzing the factors for which the subjects were satisfied with their jobs, it was found that there were significant differences in career and job title out of question items(P<0.001). It was also shown that the factors of subjects' satisfaction averaged 3.43, which was considerably higher value than I expected. It was found that job and management factors were major job satisfaction factors. 2. As a result of analyzing the intention of subjects to decide their job transfer, it was found that there were significant differences in job title and marital status out of question items(P<0.001). It was shown that the total average of the intention of their job transfer amounted to 3.06. It was shown that dental technicians have relatively higher intention of job transfer from their current work place. 3. It was found that there was inverse correlation between the factors of subjects' satisfaction with their jobs and their intention of job transfer(r=-0.490, P<0.05). Likewise, it was also found that there was inverse correlation mostly between the evaluation value for each independent variable region in term of each factor of job satisfaction and the value for the intention of job transfer. In view of these correlations, it was concluded that higher job satisfaction likely led to lower job transfer. 4. As a result of regression analysis so as to determine the influences of job satisfaction factors on the intention of job transfer, it was found that the highest influential factor was management factor. And it was shown that the test values of model were statistically significant and its explanatory power amounted to 54.6%.