• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.381-384
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• 1998

Intersectional differences in anthocyanin composition were observed in a survey of floral anthocyanins of 27 species in genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae). The most common suits of floral anthocyanins were 3-xylosylglucosides and 3-glucosides of delphinidin and cyanidin in species of section Trichospermum, Fucaria, Trionum, Abelmoschus, and Ketmia. Cyanidin 3-sophoroside was the predominant anthocyanin in species of section Lilibiscus. Six common anthocyanidin 3-glucosides and corresponding malonates were detected only in the species of section Bombycella. These intersectional variation coincided generally with proposed sectional boundaries based on morphological characteristics. Anthocyanin composition was more complicated in self-incompatible species than in self-compatible species. The systematic significance of diverse anthocyanin profile was discussed in the aspect of pollination ecology.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2023

A deep neural network composed of encoders and decoders, such as U-Net, used for speech enhancement, concatenates the encoder to the decoder through skip-connection. Skip-connection helps reconstruct the enhanced spectrum and complement the lost information. The features of the encoder and the decoder connected by the skip-connection are incompatible with each other. In this paper, for complex-valued spectrum based speech enhancement, Self-Attention (SA) method is applied to skip-connection to transform the feature of encoder to be compatible with the features of decoder. SA is a technique in which when generating an output sequence in a sequence-to-sequence tasks the weighted average of input is used to put attention on subsets of input, showing that noise can be effectively eliminated by being applied in speech enhancement. The three models using encoder and decoder features to apply SA to skip-connection are studied. As experimental results using TIMIT database, the proposed methods show improvements in all evaluation metrics compared to the Deep Complex U-Net (DCUNET) with skip-connection only.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.95-98
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• 1999

Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris), one of the major vegetable crops in Korea, undergoes self-incompatible pathway for reproduction. To maintain inbred lines of chinese cabbage, a method in that $CO_2$ gas is treated to the pistils to break the self-incompatibility and thereby self-pollens can successfully make germination and fertilization has been selectively used in speed company. In this study, the pistil genes induced by the $CO_2$ treatment was investigated by mRNA differential display (DD-PCR) method. The result shows PCR products amplified in a differential pattern from both $CO_2$ gas treated- and untreated-pistil mRNAs, suggesting that the pistil genes are probably regulated positively and also negatively by the $CO_2$ gas.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.51-83
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• 2013

Personal creativity is critically important for organizations seeking to survive and thrive in today's highly turbulent business environments. Organizations must effectively identify and mobilize the creative resources of their members. When organizational members perceive a work environment that restricts or fails to encourage individual creative expression, a gap may exist between the level of individual creative potential and the actual amount of individual creativity practiced within the organization. In this situation, this paper will examine the impact of role conflict, role ambiguity, creative self-efficacy, and personal initiative on personal creativity. Creative self-efficacy is the subjective belief in one's personal ability to be creative, that is, a personal assessment of one's own creative potential. A strong internal belief in one's ability to successfully engage in creative behaviors is generally considered an important part of the creative process. Personal Initiative refers to behaviors, mainly directed toward work and organizational issues, that are characterized by the following aspects: self-starting, proactive, and persistent in overcoming barriers. Creativity-related creative self-efficacy and personal initiative are critical components to understand motivation that coordinates the relationship between perception and behavior of individual employees. Based on role theory, researchers have focused on role conflict and role ambiguity as the two key ingredients of role stress. Role ambiguity is defined as an evaluation about the lack of salient information needed to perform a role effectively. Role conflict results from two or more sets of incompatible demands involving work-related issues. Employees are usually pursued work-roles more than one in work-focused organization. Too many work-roles and perceived uncertainties at employee's work can be obstacles to personal creativity. In an analysis of results, while role conflict is not negatively related significantly to creative self-efficacy, role ambiguity is negatively related significantly to creative self-efficacy. While role conflict is significantly related to personal creativity, role ambiguity is negatively related significantly to personal creativity. Creative self-efficacy mediates the relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, and employee creativity. Personal initiative mediates the relationship between creative self-efficacy and employee creativity. This paper shows that creative self-efficacy and personal initiative are the driving force behind personal creativity. Organizations can get some implications of creative-related role conflict and role ambiguity that employees have experienced. As a result, organizations must not only encourage creativity of employees by greater involvement but also encourage their input towards their-focused own works and tasks. And employees should be developed to pace with the organizational needs and development. Management must enable employees to think of new ideas and practices that promotes personal creativity.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

Somatic hybrids of inter-compatible and inter-incompatible strains were obtained by protoplast fusion. The fusion products between compatible strains, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. florida, formed heterokaryons, while fusants between incompatible strains such as P. cornucopiae + P. florida, P. ostreatus + Ganoderma applanatum, P. florida + Ganoderma lucidum, and P. ostreatus + Flammulina velutipes formed synkaryons that retained genes from both parents. The heterokaryons showed the same level of basidioma development. In contrast, the synkaryons showed unique characteristics including clamp connection formation at mitosis, either partner basidioma development, and abnormal segregation and recombination compared with inter-compatible strains. Synkaryons can be classified into homokaryoyic and heterokaryotic type. A comparison of somatic hybrids with compatible and incompatible strains was made using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The heterokaryons between compatible species showed the same level of variability and contained both parental RAPD bands. In contrast, most of the synkaryons between incompatible species showed similarity to those of either parental bands and non-parental RAPD bands. Synkaryons can be classified into microgenome insertion type and macrogenome insertion type. A tetrapolar mating system was found among monospore isolates in somatic hybrids and wild type P. ostreatus. Homokaryons from each somatic hybrid combination were paired with tester homokaryons of the initial wild type of P. ostreatus. The changed mating types were identified in progenies. The pattern of mating type switching in somatic hybrids depends on compatibility of fusion partner. There are several factors related to the mechanism of clamp connection formation and fruiting body development of synkaryons. Of these,the major factor may be associated with self-fertility and mating type switching such as homokaryotic fruiting of wild type P. ostreatus. This review will discuss these aspects.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.651-668
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• 2013

Concrete structures need repairing due to various reasons such as deteriorative effects, overloading, poor quality of workmanship and design failures. Cement based repair mortars are the most widely used solutions for concrete repair applications. Various factors may affect the bond strength between concrete substrate and repair mortars. In this paper, the effects of polymer additives, strength of the concrete substrate, surface roughness, surface wetness and aging on the bond between concrete substrate and repair mortar has been investigated. Full factorial experimental design is employed to investigate the main and interaction effects of these factors on the bond strength. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) under design of experiments (DOE) in Minitab 14 Statistical Software is used for the analysis. Results showed that the interaction bond strength is higher when the application surface is wet and strength of the concrete substrate is comparatively high. According to the results obtained from the analysis, the most effective repair mortar additive in terms of bonding efficiency was styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) within the investigated polymers and test conditions. This bonding ability improvement can be attributed to the self-flowing ability, high flexural strength and comparatively low air content of SBR modified repair mortars. On the other hand, styrene acrylate rubber (SAR) modified mortars was found incompatible with the concrete substrate.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1994

Levels of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and gene flow in Hosta yingeri, a herbaceous perennial endemic to Taehuksan, Sohuksan, and Hong Islands, were investigated. Starch gel electrophoresis was conducted on leaves for 101 plants collected from three populations. Although the distribution of thespecies is restricted in the islands, it maintains high levels of genetic variatin; 64% of polymorphic loci in at least one population (Ps), the mean number of alleles per locus (Ap) of 1.92, and the mean effective number of alleles per locus (Aep) of 1.52. Overall, mean genetic diversity (Hep=0.250) was substantially higher than mean estimate for species with very similarlife history traits (0.102). Large populaton size, the persistence of multiple generations within populations, high fecundity, predominantly outcrossing breeding system, large size of pollinator visitation areas may be explanatory factors contributing the higher level of genetic diversity maintained within populations. Analysis of fixation indices showed an overall slight excess of heterozygotes (mean FIS=-0.066) relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, which may in part be due to the near self-incompatible breeding system in the species. Significant differences in allele frequencies among populaitns were found for 14 out of 16 polymorphic loci (P<0.05). Slightly more than 80% of the total variation in the species was common to all populations (GST=0.198). As expected, indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.45, calculated from mean GST) and nine private alleles found in the three populations indicate that gene movement among three isolated island populations was low.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This study was conducted to explore which pollen type could be an effective pollen source for self-incompatible 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), when different pollinizers were to be applied. The pollens of five different pears with similar flowering times were applied to bagged 'Niitaka' flowers grown in Cheonan city, Korea. Pollen types used were of different origins including Korean pears ('Wonhwang' and 'Chuhwangbae'), Japanese pears ('Chojuuro' and 'Okusankichi'), and Chinese pear ('Yali'). Results show that the amount of pollen produced by flowers of each cultivar was the largest in Korean pear 'Wonhwang' (234 g/100 flowers) and the smallest in Japanese pear 'Okusankichi' (126 g/100 flowers). A high proportion of large fruits (> 600 g), 71.4% of total production, was found in the fruits treated with 'Yali' pollen. However, these fruits showed an unfavorable external appearance. Based on individual fruit width differences, 'Chojuuro' treatment produced the smallest difference in fruit diameters (3.2 mm) and 'Yali' treatment' gave the largest (4.8 mm). Also, the difference in fruit length was the largest in 'Yali' (7.5 mm), which also produced the most uneven fruits among the pollinizers used. Meanwhile, the use of pollens of 'Wonhwang' and 'Chuhwangbae' improved productivity by increasing the fruit shape index and the ratio of bigger fruits in total production. Moreover, those pollens also decreased the development of lenticels on fruit skins which gave them a smoother appearance.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1993

Self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris is controlled by multi-allele system in a single genetic locus, the S locus, and it is elucidated that S-glycoproteins are S gene products. In this experiments, we examined the genetic mode(pollen tube behavior and segregation of S-glycoprotein), characteristic of S-glycoproteins and DNA constitution within nuclear genome on S gene family that unexplained by single locus model, and investigated the segregation pattern of S-glycoproteins in bred F1 generation. By diallel cross among the 15 plants within one family the existence of three types of homozygotes and three types of heterozygotes were observed, and segregation of S-allele could not explained by single locus model. From the results of IEF-immunoblot analysis for non-segregated individual plant, the segregation pattern of S specific bands was corresponded with results of diallel cross except with one case(SaSa genotype). The molecular weight of 6 different S-genotype varied in near by 50 kD, and each genotype expressed with 2 or 3 bands. Specific bands in SaSa, SbSb, ScSc has almost similar molecular weight between them. Southern analysis of genomic DNA probed with S-glycoprotein cDNA for 6 different genotypes revealed that there are clear difference in polymorphism, multiple bands of hybridization, when restriction enzymes of EcoR I were used. It could be assumed that there are several sequences related to the S-glycoprotein structural genes within their nuclear genome. Therefore, we suggested the possibilities that S-allele system could be controlled by multi-locus, that dominance-recessive interactions could be explained by modifier gene or supressor gene based on the results of abnormal segregation of S-glycoprotein in bred F1. The F2 analyses are progressing in now.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2021

Rye (Secale cereal L.) is the most tolerant to abiotic stress including low temperature, drought, and unfavorable soil conditions among the winter cereals. Rye is the rapid growth of early spring results from increasing areas for the use of the forage and green manure in the middle part of Korea. "Jungmo2509", a rye cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2014. It was developed from a cross between "Olhomil", a self-compatible cultivar, and "Synthetic II", a self-incompatible line. "Jungmo2509" is an erect plant type and of a middle size, with a green leaf color, a yellowish-white colored culm, and a yellowish brown-colored, small-size grain. The heading date of "Jungmo2509" was April 23, which was 5 days later than that of "Gogu", respectively. But "Jungmo2509" showed greater resistance to lodging compared to that of the check cultivar, with similar to winter hardiness, wet injury, and disease resistance. "Jungmo2509" was a higher to than "Gogu" in terms of protein content (9.4% and 8.0%, respectively), total digestible nutrients (TDN) (55.7% and 55%, respectively). The seed productivity of "Jungmo2509" was approximately 2.08 ton 10a-1, which was 11% lower than that of the check. Almost all rye cultivars are out-crossing due to genes controlling incompatibility, but "Jungmo2509" is higher seed fertility (56%) than that of Gogu (0%). it has self-compatible genes. "Jungmo2509" is erect in plant type and resistance for lodging. Therefore, "Jungmo2509" can produce uniform seeds for processed grains of human consumption and utilize them as parents for breeding the rye hybrids with high forage yields.