• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2015

Object-oriented programming languages have been widely selected for developing modern information systems. The use of concepts relating to object-oriented (OO, in short) programming has reduced efforts of reusing pre-existing codes, and the OO concepts have been proved to be a useful in interpreting system requirements. In line with this, we have witnessed that a modern conceptual modeling approach supports features of object-oriented programming. Unified Modeling Language or UML becomes one of de-facto standards for information system designers since the language provides a set of visual diagrams, comprehensive frameworks and flexible expressions. In a modeling process, UML users need to consider relationships between classes. Based on an explicit and clear representation of classes, the conceptual model from UML garners necessarily attributes and methods for guiding software engineers. Especially, identifying an association between a class of part and a class of whole is included in the standard grammar of UML. The representation of part-whole relationship is natural in a real world domain since many physical objects are perceived as part-whole relationship. In addition, even abstract concepts such as roles are easily identified by part-whole perception. It seems that a representation of part-whole in UML is reasonable and useful. However, it should be admitted that the use of UML is limited due to the lack of practical guidelines on how to identify a part-whole relationship and how to classify it into an aggregate- or a composite-association. Research efforts on developing the procedure knowledge is meaningful and timely in that misleading perception to part-whole relationship is hard to be filtered out in an initial conceptual modeling thus resulting in deterioration of system usability. The current method on identifying and classifying part-whole relationships is mainly counting on linguistic expression. This simple approach is rooted in the idea that a phrase of representing has-a constructs a par-whole perception between objects. If the relationship is strong, the association is classified as a composite association of part-whole relationship. In other cases, the relationship is an aggregate association. Admittedly, linguistic expressions contain clues for part-whole relationships; therefore, the approach is reasonable and cost-effective in general. Nevertheless, it does not cover concerns on accuracy and theoretical legitimacy. Research efforts on developing guidelines for part-whole identification and classification has not been accumulated sufficient achievements to solve this issue. The purpose of this study is to provide step-by-step guidelines for identifying and classifying part-whole relationships in the context of UML use. Based on the theoretical work on Meta-model Formalization, self-check forms that help conceptual modelers work on part-whole classes are developed. To evaluate the performance of suggested idea, an experiment approach was adopted. The findings show that UML users obtain better results with the guidelines based on Meta-model Formalization compared to a natural language classification scheme conventionally recommended by UML theorists. This study contributed to the stream of research effort about part-whole relationships by extending applicability of Meta-model Formalization. Compared to traditional approaches that target to establish criterion for evaluating a result of conceptual modeling, this study expands the scope to a process of modeling. Traditional theories on evaluation of part-whole relationship in the context of conceptual modeling aim to rule out incomplete or wrong representations. It is posed that qualification is still important; but, the lack of consideration on providing a practical alternative may reduce appropriateness of posterior inspection for modelers who want to reduce errors or misperceptions about part-whole identification and classification. The findings of this study can be further developed by introducing more comprehensive variables and real-world settings. In addition, it is highly recommended to replicate and extend the suggested idea of utilizing Meta-model formalization by creating different alternative forms of guidelines including plugins for integrated development environments.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.192-210
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• 2023

This study was intended to develop the plant molecular biology experimental program using Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa (RcBr) based on the teaching steps and teaching methods of the cognitive apprenticeship model and to determine its application effects. In order to improve a subject's cognitive function and expertise on molecular biology experiments, two themes composed of a total 8 class sessions were selected: 'Identification of DFR gene in purple RcBr and non-purple RcBr' and 'Identification of RcBr's genetic polymorphism site using the DNA profiling method'. Research subjects were 18 pre-service teaching majors in biology education of H University in Chungbuk, Korea. The effectiveness of the developed program was verified by analyzing the enhancement of 'cognitive function' related to the use of molecular biology knowledge and technology, and the enhancement of 'domain-general metacognitive abilities.' The effect of the developed program was also determined by analyzing the task flow diagram provided. The developed program was effective in improving the cognitive functions of the pre-service teachers on the use of knowledge and technology of molecular biology experiments. It was especially effective to improve the higher cognitive function of pre-service teachers who did not have the previous experience. The developed program also showed a significant improvement in the task of metacognitive knowledge and in the planning, checking, and evaluation of metacognitive regulation, which are sub-elements of domain-general metacognitive abilities. It was found that the developed program's self-test activity could help the pre-service teachers to improve their metacognitive regulation. Therefore, this developed program turned out to be helpful for pre-service teachers to develop core competencies needed for molecular biology experimental classes. If the teaching and learning materials of the developed program could be reconstructed and applied to in-service teachers or high school students, it would be expected to improve their metacognitive abilities.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.31-66
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to examine that internal virtue (i.e. virtue between organizational members) and external virtue (i.e. virtue between organizational members and external members) positively associate with job performance when considering organizational identification, positive work-related identity, affective commitment, emotional exhaustion, and collective self-esteem as mediators. Virtue in organization has received attention as critical attribute of positive organizational scholarship. Cameron(2003) defined the study of virtue as a study of the capacity, attributes, and reserve in organization that facilitates the expression of positive deviance among organization member. In addition, this study contributes to the qualitative investigation on how internal giving virtue (i.e. the employees' virtue for their organization), internal receiving virtue (i.e. virtue employees receive from their organization), external giving virtue (i.e. the organization's virtue for society), and external receiving virtue (i.e. virtue the organization receives from society), used as independent variables, influence job performance after creating research model for the four virtuous behaviors through qualitative research. Therefore, this research contributes to the creation of research model for virtuous behaviors within organizations and virtuous behaviors with external members through qualitative study and sheds light on how these variables influence job performance by virtue of qualitative research.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify team commitment affecting employees' innovative activities and factors affecting team commitment including empowerment by leaders and job enrichment factors. In other words, so as to explain outcome variables of innovative activities, this study aims to emphasize employees' attachment roles towards their groups within nomological network, and identify the motives encouraging employees' innovative activities. The research purpose is significant due to the realistic situation of hotel industry. The reason why innovative activities are important can be found in recent changes of business environment. Also, unlike other various studies on precedence factors encouraging employees' innovative activities, this study classified those precedence factors into job and leader characteristics, and it emphasized the importance of team commitment as the process that job and leader characteristics are connected to innovative activities. Research design, data and methodology - The survey for this study was conducted during October 6^th ~ November 10^th in 2014 to the employees who are working in 5-star hotels in Korea. As for the selection of hotels and sampling method, convenience sampling method was used to the employees in 5-star hotels. Self-report method was used in the survey, judging that the employees' characteristics would be relatively homogeneous. 311 questionnaires were distributed in total, and 275 reponses were collected. After excluding the missing and unreliable responses, 245 questionnaires were used in the research. SPSS and AMOS programs were used for the analysis. Results - First, empowering leadership had positive effects on hotel employees' team commitment. It indicates that hotel employees are more committed to their team when their leaders set examples, provide information, and involve employees in decision-making process. Second, as a result of the relationship analysis in task diversity, task significance, task identity and team commitment, task diversity and task significance had significant effect on team commitment, while task identity had no significant effect on team commitment. It indicates that team commitment is enhanced when the employees can conduct diverse types of jobs and get more opportunities to talk with the guests. Also, the repetition for the same jobs in hotel rooms and the space for preparing food and beverage do not lead to team commitment, even though the employees fulfill their duties to the end. Third, hotel employees' team commitment has positive effect on their innovative activities. It indicates that employees voluntarily conduct innovative activities when they are attached to their team and identifies themselves with the team. Conclusions - There are theoretical and practical implications in this study. First, in terms of the theoretical perspective, this study proposes structural framework in team commitment, and it identifies the psychological mechanism in team commitment from the aspect of social exchange, which resulted in identification of precedence factors related to team commitment. In addition, this study presents new possibilities for relevant studies about team commitment by examining the effect on team commitment when the importance of innovative activities is emphasized in recent business environment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 2004

Objectives : Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in Busan. The Pap smear test could have a significant effect on detecting cervical cancer, and enhancing their rate of use is an important strategy for reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with the past use of the Pap smear test in Korean women. Methods : A population-based survey was carried out in Busan between November 1999 and March 2000. 1,673 participants were randomly selected from 2,684 women in Busan, using a 2-stage cluster sampling method, and interviewed in their homes. Their socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, drinking, familial cancer history, Pap smear screening history, reproductive and menstrual factors, sexual habits and use of contraceptive methods data were collected by a trained interviewer using a questionnaire. The use of the screening test was defined by a self-report from the participants on how many times they had had a Pap smear test in their lifetime, and when they had received their latest examination. Results : Of the 1,673 respondents (62.3% response rate), 57.6% had had a Pap smear test during her life (mean number, 2.3). Among the health examination participants(1,064), 961(90.3%) reported having sexual experience and 70.9% of these had had a Pap smear test. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, statistically significant relationships were observed for age groups and the Pap smear test rate (odds ratio, OR for 35-44 years=2.45; OR for 45-54 years=3.41; OR for 55 years=2.60; reference, under 34 years). The married or cohabiting women were more likely to have used the Pap smear test than those separated or widowed (OR=1.73). Among the reproductive behavioral measures, the number of births (OR for 3 births=4.22; OR for 2 births=3.95; OR for 1 births=3.38; reference, 0 births) and husband's extra-marital affairs (OR=1.50) were associated with the rates of use of Pap smear tests. Conclusion : It appears that the most important contributing factors to cervical cancer screening were age, marital status and number of births. A positive association was also observed for the husband's extra-marital affairs. This study enabled us to systematically assess the relationship between Pap smear rates and risk factors for cervical cancer. It is hoped that this study will make a significant contribution to the accumulating scientific evidence on the identification of factors associated with cervical cancer screening in Korea.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2015

Based on the place of its origin, pear tree (Pyrus spp.) is largely divided into European pears (P. communis, cultivated mainly in Europe and the U.S.) and Asian pears (P. pyrifolia, P. bretschneideri, and P. ussuriensis, distributed and grown in East Asian countries including China, Japan, and Korea). Most pear trees have 17 chromosomes (diploidy, 2n=2x=34). Their genetic studies and precise cultivar breeding are highly restricted by conditions such as self-incompatibility controlled by S-locus and juvenility as one major character of fruit crops. Genetic studies on Pyrus have been promoted by the development of various molecular markers. These markers are being utilized actively in various genetic studies, including genetic relationship analysis, genetic mapping, and QTL analysis. In addition, research on pear genetic linkage maps has been extended to studies for the identification of QTL for target traits such as disease resistance and genetic loci of useful traits. NGS technology has radically reduced sequencing expenses based on massive parallel reactions to enable high-capacity and high-efficiency. NGS based genome analyses have been completed for Chinese pear 'Danshansuli' and European pear 'Bartlett'. In Korea, GWAS for agricultural valuable traits such as floral structure, ripening, and total soluble contents have been conducted through resequencing. GBS has been performed for 'Whangkeumbae', 'Cheongsilri', and 'Minibae'.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

Purpose - Consumers have memories of their past time that they have not experienced. So consumers want to experience the past time and get pleasure through historical contents such as movies or dramas. This is because the re-created the past time sets the identity of the consumers who live today, and in the process, it give consumers emotional comfort. Consumers do not remember and sympathize with all of their historical time. In general, consumers remember the time that their communities are proud of. As s result, historical content is seen as a hero, and through that, consumers can check their identity. Also consumers experience positive emotions such as self-esteem, gratitude and pride through identification with heroes. That is, through historical contents, consumers can identify themselves and replace the current negative emotions with positive ones. Therefore, this study presents narrative identity and historical nostalgia that can affect positive evaluation of historical contents and suggest the factors the can induce such effects. This study was conducted to explain what the consumption effect of historical content is from a marketing perspective and what constitutes a component of historical content as a factor driving this effect. Research design, data, and methodology - This study has developed a questionnaire with 8 Hypotheses. The Films ('Masquerade(2012)', 'Roaring Current(2014)', 'Assassination(2015)', 'The Age of Shadow(2016)') and dramas('Six Flying Dragon(2015-2016)', 'Mr. Sunshine(2018-2019)') were used as experimental contents. 268 college students participated in this empirical study, and structural equation model was used to verify hypotheses. Results - Frist, narrative identity affects positive evaluation of historical contents. Nostalgia affect positive evaluation of historical contents. and narrative identity affects positive response of historical nostalgia. Second, character act relevance, circumstance similarity, and character attractiveness have positive influence upon response of narrative identity. Lastly, empathy for story and vividness of representation have also positive influence upon response of historical nostalgia. Conclusion - This study contributes to the theoretical and managemental development of historical contents. This study shows that narrative identity and historical nostalgia are important for success of historical contents. In order for historical content to be successful, it must manage elements of character act relevance, circumstance similarity, and character attractiveness, empathy for story and vividness of representation.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2006

Backgrounds : Depression has been prevalent in women and maintaining optimal glycemic control is an important goal of diabetes management. Although depression is common in adults with diabetes, its relationship to glycemic control remains unclear, espacilly in Korean women. The current study examined the relationship of depressive symptomatology with glycemic control in Korean women. Methods : Beck depression inventory (BDI), $HbA_{1c}$ as an index of long-term glycemic control, fasting glucose level and body mass index (BMI) were measured in sample of 4,567 women of whom 4.7%, 216 women had diabetes, and the relationship between depression and glycemic control was analyzed. BDI Scores of 16 and above is a cut off point to indicate possible clinical depression. Results The frequency of depressed women (p<0.001) and the mean score of BDI (p<0.001) were significantly higher in diabetic women. The mean level of $HbA_{1c}$ (p<0.01) and fasting glucose (p<0.05) were higher in depressed women. There was a graded relationship between the percentile of depressed women and a degree of glycemic control impairment (p=0.001). Conclusion : The current study found the relationship of depressive symptomatology with glycemic control in Korean women. This relationship may be mediated by decreased self-care behaviors or by neurobiological dysregulation. Improving identification and treatment of depression in women with diabetes might have favorable effects on diabetic outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.7-16
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• 2000

This paper is focused on verifying time-space repetition of the highway accident and finding the their causes and deterrents. We classify all months into several seasonal groups, develop the model for each seasonal group and analyze the results of these models for Joong-bu highway. The existence of seasonal effect is verified by the analysis or self-organizing map and the accident indices. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis which is used to decide the seasonal groups in accordance with accident patterns, winter group, spring-fall group. and summer group. The accident features of winter group are that the accident rate is high but the severity rate is low. while those of summer group are that the accident rate is low but the severity rate is high. Also, the regression model which is developed to identify the accident Pattern or each seasonal group represents that the season-related factors, such as the amount of rainfall, the amount of snowfall, days of rainfall, days of snowfall etc. are strongly related to the accident pattern of evert seasonal group and among these factors the traffic volume, amount of rainfall. the amount of snowfall and days of freezing importantly affect the local accident Pattern. So, seasonal effect should be considered to the identification of high-risk road section. the development of descriptive and Predictive accident model, the resource allocation model of accident in order to make safety management plan efficient.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.357-370
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to develop the tools needed to evaluate the effectiveness of using digital textbooks and smart education. We then developed the tools to evaluate the effectiveness of smart education and digital textbook utilization, which were an identification of 1) seven essential 21st century skills, definitions of each, and prerequisite abilities; 2) five 21st century teacher competencies, definitions of each, and prerequisite abilities; To develop the questionnaire, we conducted a literature review in this area, consulted experts, observed classes, interviewed members of focus groups, and met with policy makers from the Ministry of Education and KERIS. The student questionnaire(26 Questions developed) included; creativity and innovation, critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, ICT literacy, self-directed learning, and adaptability. The teacher questionnaire(24 questions developed) included; 21st Century Skills, ICT Literacy, Rapport building with learners, Instructional design, Evaluation and reflection. The tools we developed will be able to use for evaluating the effectiveness of smart education and digital textbooks.