• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.83.1-83
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• 2003

Rice seedling disease is one of major problems in water-seeded rice. This disease is known to be caused by several pathogen such as Pythium, Achlya, and Fusarium species. However, seedling disease of rice in water-seeded rice in Korea is not extensively studied. Pythium species have been isolated from Seosan, Yeoju, Icheon areas using Pythium selective media and their pathogenicity was investigated. All of the Pythium isolates showed strong pathogencity causing seedling emergence reduction in water-seeded rice. Seedling emergence was reduced to 0∼9％ at 10 days after inoculation of 23 Pythium isolates compared to 60％ of noninoculated control in a growth chamber. However, Fusarium species did not cause seedling emergence reduction in water-seeded rice. In contrast, when no water added into water agar or soil, the pathogen caused seedling rot two weeks after planting. These results indicate that Pythium species is a cause of seedling disease in water-seeded cultivation areas in Korea.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.305-312
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• 1995

벼-콩 답전윤환재배지에서의 잡초발생동태를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였던 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 건답직파재배지에서는 피의 우점현상이 두드러졌으며, 연작에 의해서 계속 증가하는 경향이었고, 콩재배지에서는 피, 좀명아주 및 (좀)바랭이가 문제잡초로 제기되었다. 2. 벼 건답직파재배에서 콩 재배로 또는 콩재배에서 벼 건답직파재배로 답전윤환(畓田輪換)을 함으로써 잡초의 발생량을 크게 감소시킬 수 있었으며, 너도방동사니, 올방개, 올챙이고랭이, 벗풀 및 수생잡초의 발생이 크게 억제되는 경향이었다. 3. 답전윤환재배시(畓田輪換栽培時) 동일 작물을 2년 이상 연속재배(連續我培)하면 잡초의 발생량이 크게 증가하였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.278-288
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• 1995

벼 직파재배(直播栽培) 두 양식(樣式)(건답직파(乾畓直播), 담수직파(湛水直播))하(下)에서 잡초(雜草)의 초종별(草種別) 발생분포(發生分布)와 생장(生長) 및 군락구조(群落構造)의 변화(變化)를 파악하여 비교분석한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건답직파(乾畓直播)에서 발생잡초(發生雜草)는 화본과(禾本科) 2종(種), 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草) 8종(種), 및 사초과(莎草科) 4종(種) 등 총 14종이었고, 우점초종은 밭뚝외풀, 알방동사니, 황새냉이, 너도방동사니였다. 일년생과 다년생의 분포비율은 73.6 : 26.4%로 일년생 점유율이 높았다. 2. 담수직파(湛水直播)에서는 화본과(禾本科) 1종(種), 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草) 7종(種), 사초과(莎草科) 4종(種)등 총 12종이었고, 우점초종은 알방동사니, 올챙고랭이, 밭뚝외풀 순(順)이었다. 일년생(一年生)과 다년생(多年生)의 분포비율(分布比率)은 82.1 : 17.8%로 일년생(一年生) 점유비율이 단연 높았다. 3. 건답(乾畓) 및 담수직파(直播)에서의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 및 생장양상에서 대부분 잡초(雜草)들의 개체수(個體數)는 파종(播種) 후(後) 45일(日)경에서 결정되었고, 건물중(乾物重)은 파종(播種) 후(後) 75-90일(日)까지 계속 증가(增加)하였다. 초장(草長)의 신장(伸長)은 피, 올챙고랭이, 알방동사니는 파종(播種) 후(後) 45~60일(日), 미국가막사리는 파종(播種) 후(後) 60~90일(日)에 큰폭의 신장성(伸長性)을 보였으며 그 외의 잡초(雜草)들은 파종(播種) 후(後) 45일(日)이후부터 완만한 신장(伸長)을 나타냈다. 4. 생육후기까지 가장 우점했던 초종은 건답직파에서 알방동사니, 가막사리, 바랭이 및 피였으며, 담수직파(湛水直播)에서는 알방동사니, 피 및 올챙고랭이였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1998

벼 직파재배시 효율적인 잡초방세 체계를 확립하고자 건답직파재배 및 담수표면산파재배에 따른 잡초의 발생특성과 제초제 체계처리에 따른 잡초방제 효과를 조사하였다. 1. 건답직파재배시 발생된 초종은 22종으로 주로 일년생이 대부분이었으며 주요 우점 초종은 알방동사니(28.3%), 피(24.8%), 너도방동사니(14.0%), 사마귀풀(6.3%), 바랭이(5.5%) 이었고, 담수표면산파재배에서는 12초종이 발생되어 그중 피가 81%로서 최우점초종이었으며, 알방동사니 (6.8%), 물달개비(6.4%), 올챙이고랭이(3.5%) 등이 차우점초종이었다. 2. 건답직파답에서 주요 초종의 출현시가는 피가 파종후 7일로 가장 빨랐고, 바랭이는 파종후 10일, 나머지 초종들은 파종후 16~30일에 출현되어 평균출현시기는 파종후 20일경이었으며, 담수표면산파논에서는 피가 파종후 5일에 출현되었고 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이, 알방동사니는 파종후 8~10일로 주요 초종들의 평균출현기는 파종후 13일경이었다. 3. 잎의 생장속도는 건답직파재배의 경우 피와 바랭이는 생육초기부터 최고분얼기까지 벼보다 빨라 파종후 60일에는 벼보다 1.5~2.5엽이 더 발달되었고, 나머지 주요 초종들은 파종후 60일에서 0.8엽이 더 많았으며, 담수표면산파답에서 잎의 생장은 피의 출현이 빨라, 파종후 5일부터 60일까지 벼 잎의 생장보다 왕성하였으며, 나머지 주요 초종들은 벼보다 잎의 발달이 같거나 늦었다. 4. 건답직파재배논에서 초종 개체수 및 건물중은 파종후 30~60일사이에 급격히 증가하는 경향이었으며, 담수표면산파재배에서 주요 개체수 및 건물중은 피, 알방동사니, 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이에서 발생빈도가 높았으며, 파종후 20일부터 급격히 증가하였고 40일후 부터는 그 증가 정도가 완만하였으나, 60일까지 계속 증가하는 경향이었다. 5. 건답직파재배시 가장 효과적인 잡초방제 체계는 Cyhalofop/bentazon Me를 파종후 20일에서 처리하고 Fenoxaprop/bentazon Ec를 파종후 45일에, 그리고 Pendimethalin/propanil Ec를 파종후 15일에 처리하고 Pyribenzoxim Ec를 파종후 45일에 처리하는 것이 높은 방제 효과를 보였다. 6. 벼 건답직파재배시 제초제 처리후 공시된 모든 처리약제에서 약해는 없거나 경미하였으며, 담수표면산파에서는 Cyhalofop/bentazon Ec 1차처리후 1정도의 가벼운 약해증상을 보였을 뿐 나머지 약제처리에서는 약해가 없었고, Fenoxaprop/bentazon 2차처리시 약해 증상을 보였으나 벼의 수량에는 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Eighty-five different cultivars of Brassica rapa, B. juncea, B. nap us, B. carinata, B. oleracea and hexaploid Brassica collected from Bangladesh, Japan, China and Denmark were analyzed by SDS-PAGE for seed and leaf protein variations, using esterase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase isozyme analysis. Ten polymorphic bands were identified from seed protein however no identifiable polymorphic band was found in the leaf protein. Polymorphic markers clearly distinguished the different Brassica species as well as yellow sarson (YS) and brown seeded (BS) cultivars of B. rapa. The $F_1$ cross between YS and brown seeded cultivars showed the existance of all poly-morphic bands of the respective parents. The Bangla-deshi and Japanese cultivars of B. rapa differed in the amount of seed protein. In the case of isozyme analysis, esterase showed the highest number of polymorphic bands (13) followed by acid phosphatase (9) and peroxidase (5). These polymorphic markers were very effec-tive for classification of all the species studied in this experiment. In parentage tests using isozymes, the hybridity of intra-and-interspecific crosses of almost all the seedlings could be identified from their respective cross combinations. Esterase polymorphism showed a clear differentiation between YS and BS types of B. rapa. In addition, two esterase polymorphic markers were iden ified to differentiate some cultivars of B. juncea. Segregation patterns in these two esterase bands showed a simple Mendelian monohybrid ratio of 3:1 in $F_2$, 1:1 in test cross and 1:0 in back cross progenies. No polymorphic band was identified to distinguish different cultivars of the same species by acid phosphatase or peroxidase. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out with seed coat color specific marker of B. juncea. The yellow seeded cultivars produced a strong band at 0.5 kb and weak band 1.2 kb. In the addition of these two specific bands, Japanese yellow-seeded cultivars expressed two more weak bands at 1.0 kb and 1.1 kb. Where the brown seeded cultivars generated a single strong band at 1.1 kb. In segregating population, the yellow seed coat color marker segregated at a ratio 15 (brown) : 1 (yellow), indicating the digenic inheritance pattern of the trait.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.159-163
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• 1993

건답직파(乾畓直播)를 연속(繼續)함에 따라서 야기되는 잡초군락(雜草群落)의 변이양상(變異樣相)을 밝혀 효과적(效果的)인 제초체계(除草體系)를 확립(確立)하고자 수행(遂行)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 건답직파재배(乾畓直播栽培)를 4년간(年間) 연속재배(連續栽培)한 경우 화본과잡초(禾本科雜草)는 감소(減少)한 반면 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草)는 증가(增加)하였으며 생활형(生活型)으로 보면 1년생잡초(年生雜章)는 증가(增加)하였으나 다년생잡조(多年生雜草)는 감소(滅少)하였다. 2. 기계이앙시(機械移秧時) 우점잡초(優占雜草)는 올방개-피-올챙이고랭이-물달개비 등의 수생잡초(水生雜草)가 우점(優占)하였으나 건답직파재배(乾畓直播栽培)를 연속(繼續)할 경우 피-바랭이-가막사리-조개풀-자귀풀 등의 습생잡초(濕生雜草)가 우점(優占)하였다. 3. 건답직파(乾畓直播)에 따른 초종(草種)의 다양화(多樣化) 정도(程度)(Simpson Index) 및 군락우점도(群落優占度)(Community dominance)를 보면 기계이앙(機械移秧)의 경우 1-2 초종(草種)이 우점화(優占化)되는 경향(傾向)이었으나 건답직파(乾畓直播)의 경우 여러 초종(草種)이 다양(多樣)하게 분포(分布)되어 있었다. 4. 직파재배(直播栽培)에 따른 연도별(年度別) 유이성(類似性) 계수(係數)(Similarity coefficient)를 보면 직파재배(直播栽培)의 첫해는 41%의 유이성(類似性) 계수(係數)를 나타내 기계이앙(機械移秧)과 상당히 달랐으나 4년간(年間) 연속직파재배(連續直播栽培)를 할 경우 67%로 높아졌다. 5. 건답직파(乾畓直播) 첫해인 1979년도(年度) 잡초방임구(雜草放任區)의 잡초(雜草) 건물중(乾物重)은 $m^2$당 61.3g에 벼 수량(收量)은 290kg/10a이었으나 3년후(年後)인 1992년(年)에는 잡초건물중(雜草乾物重)이 293g/$m^2$으로 1979년에 비해 4.7배가 증가(增加)하였으며 벼 수량(收量)은 전무(全無)였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.230-260
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• 1992

The paper was reviewed the research results on weed dynamics and effective control methods in direct-seeded rice crop. Direct seeding method resulted in drastic increment of weed growth compared to transplanting method and also changed in troublesome weed flora. Two to three fold more weeds were harvested at the direct seeded rice and weed flora of dominant species shifted toward $C_4$type grass weeds. Some of the important troublesome weeds in direct seeded rice were Echinochloa crus-galle, Oryza saliva ssp spontanea, Leptochloa chinensis. Setaria viridus. Digitaria adsendens, Sesbania exaltata, Aeschynomene indica, Algae, etc. Yield loss due to weed competiton was about 40-60% for water-seeded and about 70-100% for dry-seeded rice while these for transplanted rice were about 25-35% for mechanical transplanting and about 10-20% for manual transplanting, respectively. Integrated weed management concept was neede to approach weed control effectively. Several cultural technologies were very effective to suppress the weed growth. These were tillage operation, water management, seeding date and seeding rate. Crop residues of barley, rice, wheat, oat and italian ryegrass were also effectivly suppressed the paddy weeds particularly to Potamogeton distiuctus, a perennial broadleaf weed. A pathogen of Epicoccosorus nematosporus identified from Eleocharis kuroguwai was an excellent potential bioagent to control the most troublesome perennial sedge weed of E. Kuroguwai without arising any detrimental effect. The herbicidal efficacy of this pathogen was as high as bentazon herbicide. Plant growth regulator of paclobutrazol (pp-333) was another possible alternative to reduce the herbicide use. In current, herbicide exhibited the most conspicuous results to control weeds in direct-seeded rice even though the application technologies were not fully established. Recommendations for herbicide application were suggested for in both water-and dry-seeded rice in USA, Japan and Korea, respectively. To make better and comprehensive recommendations further studies on weed ecology and herbicide development were emphasized.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.53-61
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the optimal collecting time and methods of utilization of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source for revegetation materials of slopes. From April to November of 1998, nursery seedbeds in the greenhouse of Seoul National University were seeded with mixtures of forest topsoil and seeds. The nursery seedbeds were treated to evaluate the effect of depths of forest topsoil and seeding amounts. Seasonal experiments with $3{\times}3$ factorial design were conducted in April, June and August. More than 40 seedlings/$m^2$ were observed as the naturally-emerged species in the plot, treated with the top-layer forest soil within the depth of 10cm. However, it was found, as seeding more seeds, the number of appearance of the naturally-emerged species reduced because of the heavy competition between the seeded and the naturally-emerged. According to the results of this research, it is recommended that seeding amount should be no more than 1,000 seeds/$m^2$ to avoid the severe competition. Also it was observed that the forest topsoil collected in spring(April) is better than that collected in summer. The more species of the naturally-emerged were found in the forest topsoil collected in spring. Forest-topsoil-mixed-materials as a seed-bank source could significantly increase the plant diversity and productivity. Effective use of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source may become a valuable tool in future restoration of disturbed slopes for promoting plant community diversity and recycling of spoiled-soils from the slopes.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 1998

벼 직파재배시 가장 문제가 되고 있는 잡초 방제법을 확립하고자 농가답 잡초분포조사, 벼 직파재배 유형에 따르는 잡초발생 및 건답직파재배에서 파종기 이동에 따른 우점초종, 무제초시 재배유형별 수량감소 정도 등을 어린모 기계이앙재배와 비교분석하였다. 1. 벼 직파재배 농가답의 주요 우점잡초는 피, 바랭이, 너도방동산이, 여귀바늘 등으로 피는 44%로서 가장 많이 발생되었으나 Simpson 우점지수는 0.185로서 낮아 여러 초종이 다양하게 분포된 결과를 보였다. 2. 건답직파에서는 피 > 알방동산이 > 너도방동산이 > 여뀌바늘, 담수직파답에서는 피 > 올방개 > 올챙이고랭이 > 물달개비 순으로 우점되어 벼 직파재배시에는 피가 공통적으로 우점초종이었다. 3. 벼 재배유형별 건물중으로 나타낸 잡초발생량은 건답직파답에서 1,074g/$m^2$로 가장 많이 발생되었으며, 담수직파답에서는 723g/$m^2$으로 어린모이앙답의 218g/$m^2$ 보다 각각 3.3~5배 정도 더 많았다. 4. 무제초시 잡초발생에 따른 벼의 수량감소는 건답직파답에서 96%로 거의 수확량이 전무한 상태였으며 담수직파답에서는 61%, 그리고 어린모이앙답에서는 40% 감수되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2012

This study was launched to verify the effective composition of plant species and its management program most suited for the dredged soiled area near Nakdong River Site 14. The improvement methods of planting base and the composition of plants such as silver grass, reed, and some colonies in aesthetic effect were studied. To search the management methods to decrease the confining pressure risen from the burried seeds which would consequently harm the previously seeded plants, experimental construction process was measured on the site. The purpose of this experiment was to figure out which part of the improvement on the plant base has the most significant effect for the revegetation of infertile, dredged soil, to verify the easily seeded, developing plants among seeded plants, and finally, to find the restoration model using plants near the dredged soil around riverside. 8 seeded plants and 23 invaded species were appeared which among the emerged plants, development of Aster yomena MAKINO, Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel, Trifolium repens L, and Dianthus longicalyx Miq were proved to be brought up well. Difference risen from the seed composition were not noticeable until 150day since the germination was proceeded mainly by Aster yomena MAKINO. The experimental plot with dredging sand+organic fertilizer method of construction and dredging sand+soil conditioner method showed most development while the effect of the plot with only the soil base of dredging sand stayed low. Another important method for the management of infertile, dredged soil base would be the removal of disturbing species which the experiment showed the tied relationship between the removal of disturbing species and development of seeding plants. Although this study was carried out focused on the Nakdong River Project, the study suggests the general management program that the removal of disturbing species such as Humulus japonicus Sieboid & Zucc. and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi in times around rainy season(60days after seedling) would be effective for the easy growth of revegetation plants.