• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2021

This study was conducted to check the sterilization efficacy of microwave plasma (MWP) against the watermelon seeds infected with Acidovorax citrulli 11-251. Watermelon seeds were artificially vacuum inoculated to produce A. citrulli 11-251 infected seeds. Aac ImmunoStrip and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results suggests that, seeds (coat and endosperm) were infected under the concentration of 1×107/30 min. MWP sterlization process was carried out at 50 W (3 min, 5 min, and 10 min), 80 W (3 min, 5 min, and 10 min), and 100 W (3 min, 5 min, and 10 min). According to the results, MWP sterilized the artificially inoculated seed coats by 95.96% at 80 W/10 min and seed endosperms by 100% at 100 W/10 min respectively. Although, seeds were sterlized by MWP, germination rate of seeds were low as compared to non treated (negative control) seeds. Moreover, cell membrane of A. citrulli 11-251 was damaged while observed in SEM after sterilized with MWP. Further studies regarding the appropriate sterilization condition by MWP against A. citrulli infected seeds for germination will be conducted in our next study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.262-266
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• 1983

Influence of fungi living on the endocarp surface of depulped seeds of Panax ginseng on the dehiscence was investigated with a fungicidal treatment of the seeds and sterilization of the sand at the beginning of stratification. 1. Isolation frequency of the fungi living on the endocarp surface of de-pulped seed was reduced and hardness of the endocarp did not change significantly in seed treated with a fungicide Captan wp. 50%. A significant negative correlation $(r=-0.984^**)$ was found between the frequency of fungi isolation and the hardness of the endocarp. 2. Increase of water content in the seed treated with the fungicide was delayed 20days compared to the untreated. 3. Growth of the embryo and dehiscence of the seed was suppressed by the fungicide treatment. The length of the embryo was inversely proportional to the hardness of the seed. It is suggested that the fungi facilitate the softening of the endocarp thereby enhancing the supply of oxygen and water necessary for the embryo development, therefore, accelerate the growing of embryo and cause the dehiscence.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.901-905
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• 2014

The efficacy of ozone micro-bubble water (OMBW) in reducing microbial populations on alfalfa seeds was investigated in this study. We observed the surface of alfalfa seeds using microscopy and found that many cracks and crevices existing on the surface could harbor pathogens. Alfalfa seeds were treated with tap water (TW), micro-bubble water (MBW), ozone water (OW), ozone micro-bubble water (OMBW), and chlorine water (CL) for 5 min, and total microbial population, E. coli and Salmonella spp. colonies were determined. Also, the sterilized seeds were germinated and cultivated for 5 d after sowing to investigate the percentage of germination and the growth of alfalfa sprouts. The treatments with OMBW and CL were most effective in reducing total microbial populations and E. coli was eliminated by OW, OMBW, and CL treatments. CL treatment reduced the percentage of germination and fresh weight of alfalfa sprouts, but OMBW did not cause any negative effects on the germination and growth of alfalfa sprouts. These results indicate that OMBW can be used as an effective sanitizer for eliminating seed-borne pathogens without detrimental effects on seed viability.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2020

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an annual crop belonging to Poaceae, and is the fifth-largest crop after maize, wheat, rice, and barley. This study was conducted to establish an efficient seed sterilization method to manage fungal or bacterial infections of germinating sorghum seeds. Two varieties of sorghum seeds (BTx623 and SAP317) were treated with benomyl-thiram and thiophanate-methyl triflumizole which are known to be effective disinfectants for sorghum seeds. For SAP317, the highest germination rate was accomplished with 24-hour treatment of both chemicals at a 200× dilution rate. For BTx623, the highest germination rate was observed after 24-hour treatment at a 200×/400× dilution rate for benomyl-thiram and control/200× for thiophanate-methyl triflumizole. Consequently, the optimal treatment for the seed disinfection in sorghum seeds may be at the dilution rate of 200× or 400× for 24 hours.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

Edible sprouts are highly nutritious, containing numerous health-promoting phytochemicals and nutrients. However, the process of sprouting is subject to potential contamination by microorganisms attached to the seed coat. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of air anions generated by spray ionization on growth and sterilization of edible sprouts. Treatment with air anions has positive effects on plant growth and sterilization in 4 kinds of sprouts. Hypocotyl length in red cabbage and kale increased approximately 1.26-fold and radicle length of lettuce, red cabbage, and kale increased 1.4 to 1.6-fold compared to the control. The fresh weight of sprouts in the spray-ionization treatment was significantly (16.0-38.5%) higher than that of the controls. Radicle activity in sprouts exposed to anions was higher than that of the control in all species. Bacterial counts on lettuce, red cabbage, and tatsoi decreased significantly (by 41%, 66%, and 19%, respectively), and bacterial colonies also declined in drainage water. Our findings suggest that spray-ionization treatment is useful for improving sprout growth and for sterilizing sprouts.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1982

Seedling blight of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most serious diseases in Korea. This study was performed to control seedling blight in the field where sesame has been cultured for 4 years of Industrial Crop Division at the Crop Experiment Station. The pathogenic fungi of seedling blight which is known Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectium and Rhizoctonia solani was inoculated to the wheat media and it was spreaded on the experimental field in the concentration of 109 of wheat media mixed with 10g of fine soil. Seed sterilization was the most effective method for seedling blight control for two year experiment. Seed sterilant Benlate-T was highly effective for con trolling seedling blight with infection rate of 4% and yield of 40.7kg per 10a comparing to the control with infection rate of 96% and grain yield of 6.4kg per l0a, the other chemicals, Busan 30, Vitathiram, Captan showed good effect to control seedling blight, but less effect to the Benlate-T. The spraying treatments on leaf surface 25 days after sowing were not effective to seedling blight.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1999

Autotoxic substance(s) from alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) plants reduces germination and growth of adjacent new alfalfa after alfalfa. The autotoxic chemical(s) in alfalfa are clearly unknown. Our objective was to improve the sensitivity of an alfalfa seedling bioassay for evaluating autotoxic leaf extracts. We determined critical extract concentrations that inhibit seed germination and seedling growth, compared two different culture media, and evaluated the effects of extract sterilization on the sensitivity of the assay, by using streptomycin and autoclaving method. An agar medium in petri plate gave better responses of germination and seedling growth to the extracts than using filter paper in the plate. On agar medium, the concentration of extract required to reach 50% inhibition of root length was 2.7 g $kg^{-1}$, and of germination and hypocotyl length were 3.8 and 9.9 g $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Leaf extracts with 100 ppm streptomycin stimulated germination significantly compared to Leaf extract alone but reduced root length of control by 43%. Root length was more sensitive to the autotoxin(s) than was germination or hypocotyl length. These results suggest that agar medium mixed with extract and sterilization by autoclaving could be improved the consistency and precision of bioassay, and that root length was the best parameter of autotoxic effect of alfalfa leaf extract.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm $GA_3$ with the cold storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 cm apart in rows 30 cm apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (12-10-10) was applied at $600kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at $25^{\circ}C$ and cold storage after submerging in $GA_3$. The highest seed yields ($4.5kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2005

The major obstacle in the popularization of Chungkookjang is the short shelf-life of $2{\sim}3$ months and some problems concerning storage including the growth of molds even in the products even within shelf-life. To solve these problems we conducted a research to improve its storage by using the vacuumed packaging and sanitary method through seed culture, innoculation and sterilization. For the optimization of storage time, temperature and sterilization temperature, we measured viable cell numbers of bacteria and fungi, amount of gas outbreak and contents of amino type nitrogen and monitored these experimental results by response surface methodology of SAS program, so that we could observe the quality changes of Chungkookjang during shelf-life. Especially fungi, which are the biggest troublemaker in Chungkookjang shelf-life, couldn't be detected from the generally and vacuum-packed samples; also, viable cell numbers were highly influenced by sterilization temperature and in vacuum-packed samples. In the case of vacuum-packed samples, amount of gas outbreak was highly influenced by sterilization temperature of its storage conditions and it was higher in generally packed samples as compared to vacuum-packed samples even at any storage conditions. The changes of pH in generally and vacuum-packed samples were highly influenced by the storage temperature. As the temperatures of storage and sterilization were higher and the storage time was longer, so the amount of gas outbreak was accordingly lower. These results showed that amino type nitrogen contents in generally and vacuum-packed samples were systematically influenced by the temperature, storage time and sterilization temperature. Also the result showed that the change of amino type nitrogen contents during storage was less in vacuum-packed samples than in general ones. Based on the above results, we can produce Chungkookjang products with extended shelf-life of as far as 6 months without any quality change using sanitary manufacturing method, vacuumed packaging condition, sterilization in $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and storage under $10^{\circ}C$ during shelf-life. According to this research, we have the possibility to greatly increase the goods value of Chungkookjang by developing the manufacture processing and packaging.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.820-832
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• 2012

This study was investigated to obtain basic data which can be applied to processing of canned seasoned sea mussel. Shell was washed and steamed for 10 min before shucking. Sea mussel meat was seasoned with mixed seasoning sauce(soy sauce 23%, monosodiun glutamate 2%, sorbitol 2%, sesame oil 1%, vinegar 2%, starch syrup 15%, water 55%) for 30 min The seasoned sea mussel 60 g was vacuum packed in RR-90 can and fill with seasoning sauce 30 mL and grape seed oil 30 mL respectively, and then there was sterilized for various Fo values(Fo 8~12 min) in a steam system retort at $121^{\circ}C$. pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, color value, texture profile, TBA value, mineral content, sensory evaluation and viable cells count of the canned seasoned sea mussels sterilized with various conditions(Fo 8~12 min) were measured. The same experimental items were also measured during storage. There was no remarkable difference between sterilized conditions and sensual characteristics. The results showed that the product of filled with grape seed oil sterilized at Fo 8 min was the most desirable.