• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.110-121
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• 2018

The present article is concerned with a study on the daily training protocol for field crews wearing chemical protection clothing for firefighting and the analysis of activity. To improve coping ability of & secure safety for firefighting crews initially incorporated in the fields of chemical accident & chemical terror, 10 steps in total of daily training protocol have been designed. The designed protocol is largely composed of the extensive activity protocol for daily adaptation of firefighting chemical protection clothing (steps 1, 2, 6, 7 & 9), the precision operation protocol utilizing hands (steps 3, 4 & 5), and the protocol requiring strong physical burdens (steps 8 & 10). According to the measurement results for activity as a result of the protocol, the average maximum heart rate upon wearing the firefighting chemical protection clothing was shown to increase by step 1 20.32%, step 2 18.69%, step 3 25.23%, step 4 34.77%, step 5 27.44%, step 6 30.24%, step 7 25.33%, step 8 22.25%, step 9 22.80% and step 10 20.85% compared with the time of not wearing them. The average maximum breathing rate was shown to increase by step 3 1.92%, step 4 4.11%, step 5 1.24%, step 6 3.95%, step 7 0.93%, step 8 10.23%, step 9 3.36% and step 10 15.10%, except for steps 1 & 2.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.49-58
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The use of environmentally friendly construction methods has been recently encouraged to reduce fuel consumption and the effects of global warming. For this purpose, the roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) construction method has been developed. RCCP is more environmentally friendly and economically efficient than general concrete by reducing the amount of CO2 generated through the application of a smaller amount of cement. RCCP has a number of advantages such as an easy construction method, low cost, high structural hydration performance, and aggregate interlocking. However, mix design standards and construction guidelines of RCCP are required for domestic application. In addition, a study on aggregate selection, which has an effect on the characteristics of RCCP, is necessary owing to a limited number of researches. Thus, the aggregate effect on the performance of RCCP in securing the required strength and workability was evaluated in consideration of domestic construction. METHODS : Sand and coarse aggregates of both 19mm and 13mm in maximum size were used in this study. Four types of aggregate gradations (s/a = 30%, 58%, and 70% for the sand and coarse aggregate of 19mm in maximum size, and s/a = 50% for a combination of the three types of aggregates) were set up to investigate the effects of the PCA band on the RCC characteristics. The conditions of s/a = 30% and 70% were evaluated to check the gradation effect outside of the recommended band. The conditions of s/a = 58% and 50% were used because they are the optimum combination of the two and three types of aggregates, respectively. RCCP gradation band was suggested gradation with a proper construction method of RCCP by synthetically comparing and analyzing the correlation of optimum water content, maximum dry density, and strength of requirements through its consistency and compaction test. RESULTS : The lower and upper limit lines are insufficient to secure a relatively strong development and workability compared to an aggregate gradation in the RCCP gradation band region. On the other hand, the line in the RCCP gradation band and the 0.45 power curve in the RCCP gradation band region were satisfactory, ensuring the required strength and workability. CONCLUSIONS : The suitable aggregate gradation on RCCP process should meet the RCCP gradation band area; however, fine particles passing through a #60 sieve do not need to be within the recommended gradation band because the influence of this region on such fine particles is small.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.145-152
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• 2013

As a typical construction material, concrete has been used in building all kinds of structures since the late $19^{th}$ century. Although it was recognized to secure durability as long as the regulations on design and construction have been reasonably complied, the trends of life-shortening and deterioration have frequently occurred due to all kinds of the external effects that have been experienced during the procedures of using the structures. To make matters even worse, deterioration of the concrete structures according to deterioration can not be controlled any more. Finally, the reality is that repair and maintenance are necessary in the maintenance aspect of the concrete structure. In this study, CRM(Chemical Resistance of Laminating Reinforcement Method), which had been developed to reinforce the surface of concrete and specially improve chemical resistance performance, has been applied to enhance the existing repairing and maintenance method. Therefore, the result has been drawn with comparison and analysis of the specimens applied with the general repairing and maintenance method and CRM through a variety of durability test in this study. With the result of the test, durability of the specimen applied with CRM has been more improved than the existing repairing and maintenance method, which is judged as because of the laminating effect due to reinforcement of epoxy impregnated of alkali-resistance fiber and double layered fiber reinforced seat.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the structural safety fur both the attached wind-protecting wall in greenhouse and the detached one installed outside. Regarding the attached wind-protecting wall in greenhouse, the analysis was conducted by doing a fluid-structure coupled field analysis using both CFX-5.7 and ANSYS 8.1 and also under the design condition of an instantaneous maximum wind velocity of $30.9m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Three kinds of the width ranged from 30 to 90cm were considered in this study. With regard to the detached wind-protecting wall, the structural saffty was analyzed under the pressure difference of 1,117 Pa which corresponded to a wind velocity of $50m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and the analytical results were also compared with theoretical ones. The result showed that there was little difference in the distribution of velocity overall and total pressure on the lateral side according to the width of the attached wind-protecting wall, but greenhouse with wind-protecting widths of 30 to 60cm has been reinforced to the extent of about 11% when compared with the case of being without the wall. The result also showed that the detached wind-protecting wall with a main-column interval of 3m was not stable so that it was necessary for the detached wind-protecting wall to be adequately reinforced to secure structural stability. Finally, there was great difference between analytical results and theoretical studies. The difference meant that there was some possibility of including errors when a theoretical study was done in three dimensional structure.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Spiral reinforcement in a circular column plays an effective role in the ductile behavior of a column through position fixing and buckling restraining of the longitudinal reinforcement, and confining core-concrete. Each country has suggested the minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement in order to secure the ductility of concrete columns. The minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement suggested by ACI 318-14 and the national concrete structure design standard was developed based on the theory of Richard et al. (1928); furthermore it has been used until now. However, their theory cannot consider the effects of high strength concrete and high strength reinforcement, and arrangement condition of the spiral reinforcement. In this study, a modified minimum volumetric ratio equation is suggested, which is required to improve the ductility of reinforced concrete circular columns and to recover their stress. The modified minimum volumetric ratio equation suggested here considers the effect of the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of spiral reinforcement, the cross sectional area of columns, the pitch of spiral reinforcements and the diameter of spiral reinforcement. In this paper, the validity of the minimum volumetric ratios from ACI 318-14 and this study was investigated and compared based on the results of uniaxial compression experiment for specimens in which the material strength and the spiral reinforcements ratio were used as variables. In the end of the study, the modification method for the suggested equation was examined.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.488-498
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• 2015

Form the observation that the successful management and operation of university websites brings about university branding effects, this paper attempts to identify the problems in relation to evaluation elements of university homepages and establish a new evaluation model that allows us to grasp the importance and priority of phased evaluation elements. In particular, we tried to secure the objectivity of the importance of department homepage evaluation elements by using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). Our analysis shows that among 29 evaluation elements of department homepage, mobile service, curriculum, description of department's characteristics, guide to homepage usage/accessibility to site map and differentiated educational method were considered to be relatively important whereas the relative importance of department's slogan, differentiated image and identity, linkage to SNS, Q&A bulletin board, operation of department community, and FAQ was low. Based on the findings from our analysis, we present the basic foundation for successful management and operation of university department homepages along with a few suggestions for vitalizing those hompages.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.65-71
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• 2015

Purpose - Domestic cooperatives tend to increase during the establishment of cooperatives and gradually through the basic law of social needs. However, only cooperatives' qualitative grow this secured without blessings, and their quantitative growth through government support is questionable. The purpose of this study is to analyze the agricultural cooperatives established through the Distribution System Cooperatives Basic Law, which was enacted in January 2012. Subsequently, establishing agricultural cooperatives was done briskly. However, cooperatives established rapidly after the founding of the Basic Law encountered problems. Research design, data, and methodology - To assess the performance of selected agricultural cooperatives, data were analyzed using the methodological Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The AHP is a set of systematic procedures to hierarchically analyze the elements of any problem. Using a survey on expertise, a series of comparative determinations of each pair is performed to evaluate the relative strengths and the strengths of the impact between elements within the hierarchy. A survey was conducted on 10 small agricultural cooperatives using AHP analysis for the examination. The purpose of such research and analysis is to recommend a direction for future policies aimed at small agricultural cooperatives. Result - This study applied three types of policy evaluation criterion, including market expansions, organizations, and cooperative projects, and 12 types of small agricultural cooperative policy measures. Market expansion policies for agricultural cooperatives are classified into four categories: school meals, direct transactions, shopping malls, and wholesale markets. Organizational policies for agricultural cooperatives are classified into four types: existing sales channel management, education, preventing free riding, and enlarging members. Cooperative project policies in agricultural cooperatives are classified into four policy areas: cooperation between cooperatives, community contribution, joint businesses, and government links. In this paper, the growth priority in agricultural cooperative policies is analyzed by applying policy evaluation criteria on the basis of a survey on expertise. The priorities of the policy program are also analyzed using a decision analytic hierarchy process. The results indicate that market expansion is the most important policy evaluation criterion therefore, improving direct transactions, school meals, management of existing sales channels, and shopping malls are crucial policy measures. In contrast, the cooperation of cooperatives, expansion of union members, and cooperation with the government were found to have low priority. Conclusions - Agricultural cooperatives should develop plans as follows. Small agricultural cooperatives need to secure school meals and direct transactions for market expansion, restructure marketing strategies to manage existing sales channels, and, finally, increase education and training for sustainable organizational development. This study has the following limitations. Because the subject of the investigation is a new cooperative, determining its sustainable growth is difficult. Therefore, through analysis and a continuous study of cooperatives, future research is expected to show that modifying the direction of agriculture cooperatives is necessary.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.73-84
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• 2015

Purpose - Various social issues have arisen since the beginning of the 21st century therefore, enterprises that disregarded social issues have become unsustainable, and social enterprises have appeared to address these issues. A social enterprise is a social mission-focused organization that uses a market-based strategy and has a vulnerable business structure. To be self-sustainable, a social enterprise should make consumers aware of the value that it provides and secure its profitability through consumer consumption. From this perspective, this study investigates the relationship between perceived value (utilitarian and hedonic) and loyalty, and examines how memory and attitudes play mediating roles between perceived value and loyalty. For these purposes, the author developed a structural model consisting of several variables. In this model, perceived value, which was utilitarian and hedonic, was proposed to affect the memory and attitudes toward social enterprise products, thus increasing loyalty. Therefore, memory and attitudes were proposed as core mediating variables between perceived value and loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, data were collected from 582 respondents and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. To test unidimensionality and the nomological validity of the measures of each construct, we employed a scale refinement procedure. The results of the reliability test with Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis warranted the unidimensionality of the measures for each construct. In addition, the nomological validity of the measures was warranted from the results of the correlation analysis. The result of the overall model analysis demonstrated a good fit (χ²=529.881, df=144, χ²/df=3.680, p-value=0.000, GFI=0.905, NFI=0.948, CFI=0.961, RMR=0.036, RMSEA=0.068). Results - The findings are summarized as follows. First, the hedonic and utilitarian value of social enterprise products had positive effects on memory and attitudes. Second, the hedonic value of social enterprise products more strongly affects memory and attitudes than utilitarian value. Third, memory and attitudes had positive effects on loyalty. Lastly, memory had a stronger effect on loyalty than attitudes. Conclusions - The purchase rate of social enterprises' products increases only if the products are included in the "information search" and "alternative evaluation" processes in consumers' purchase decision-making processes. Therefore, a social enterprise must actively promote the fact that it pursues a social value, and shares both the hedonic and utilitarian values of its products. Accordingly, because hedonic value has a more significant impact on a company and attitudes, a social enterprise should develop hedonic values for product consumption, thereby leading consumers who care about value consumption to purchase its products. Moreover, a social enterprise must maintain good memories and attitudes for consumers because memory does not change over time, although attitude does. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are as follows. This study viewed "consumer loyalty" as the success factor of social enterprises, thereby considers an "increase in sales" as the success factor. Therefore, in future studies, diverse factors, including social contribution and word-of-mouth intention, should be regarded. In addition, future studies need to thoroughly review and make assurances about the relationship between memory and attitude.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

Purpose - The Visegrád Group cooperation of the past 14 years and that of V4 for the past 20 years has very important significance in the 21st century that must be maintained. This cooperation is valuable because of the trade routes that connect northern Poland to the Balkans in southern Croatia, which forman important basis for the resuscitation of Central European development. Currently, because of the European manufacturing base and industrial development, an energy supply and stable energy distribution networks have been introduced to secure cooperation and not competition within the Visegrád Group. This paper's research emphasizes the supply chain hub in neighboring countries. Although Central and Eastern European countries are small, they can provide a competitive response to Western Europe if they collaborate with the V4 group and other countries. Research design, data, and methodology - The subjects of this study in the Visegrád Group area are related to the development of Marketing and Distribution Sciences in the integrated European Union. In relation to the existing energy infrastructure, construction companies and financial institutions benefit from large-scale construction projects. Existing or new infrastructure facilities among the V4 must comply with the preconditions of regional energy markets. The network of emerging markets is changing into a European-logistics hub of new markets. This hub is closely associated with the economic development of European self-sustainment given that energy for distribution and consumption is imported from Russia. Therefore, this paper indirectly provides data on the regional distribution of energy as alternative bases in Europe for market expansion to Asia. Results - As a result, it appeared unlikely that V4 failed to implement homogeneity following the standards of Western Europe, as proposed by the EU. Throughout European history, individuals have gathered in Central Europe as an innovation hub. Currently, the region is being established independently for energy industrial development and not for tourism development, and is expected to play a central role in innovation and distribution consumption. Therefore, similar to Western and Northern Europe, V4 only appears to engage in distribution consumption on the basis of the identity that it formed for itself. This area is expected to either create a regional platform or a voice over a single economic policy. Conclusions - To this end, regarding the distribution of consumer groups within and outside the region, the V4 group is expected to be established for various policy areas and as a Eurasian outpost of trade and distribution logistics. In addition, given its purpose of engaging in the distribution of energy cooperation and trade clusters, the Visegrád Group will be in charge of the center axis of the bridge for distribution logistics trading partners from the Western Balkans to Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Thus, the Visegrád Group is entering this region as a platform for market share by enabling all or any investor can gain greater industrial benefits.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.113-131
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• 2015

Purpose - In today's era of globalization, the competitive power of enterprises is growing fiercer, calling for organizations to be able to respond flexibly to survive and maintain predominance in competition. In turn, keen competition exists among enterprises for the systematic management of members' knowledge to secure predominance in such competition. Under such circumstances, SMEs must find and utilize positive causes for change that affect organizational performance. The objective of this study is to analyze the structural relationship between four factors known from prior research-a CEO's positive leadership, members' positive life positions, learning organization activities, and job engagement-and organizational performance. Research design, data, and methodology - To achieve this objective, this study established the following four research problems. First, do CEOs' positive leadership, members' positive life positions, learning organization activities, and job engagement affect organizational performance? Second, do CEOs' positive leadership, members' positive life positions, and learning organization activities affect job engagement? Third, do CEOs' positive leadership and members' positive life positions affect learning organization activities? Fourth, does CEOs' positive leadership affect members' positive life positions. Additionally, to achieve the objective of this study, the research model was selected on the basis of a documentary survey of 787 full-time employees at 100 SMEs, which was used to collect related data. Results - The following conclusions were drawn. First, a CEO's positive leadership directly affects members' positive life positions, learning organization activities, and job engagement. Second, positive leadership only indirectly affects organizational performance. That is, positive leadership has an indirect effect on organizational performance given the parameters of members' positive life positions, learning organization activities, and job engagement. Third, members' positive life positions directly affect learning organization activities and job engagement, but indirectly affect organizational performance with learning organization activities and job engagement as parameters. Fourth, learning organization activities directly affect job engagement and organizational performance. Additionally, learning organization activities indirectly affect organizational performance with job engagement as a parameter. Fifth, job engagement directly affects organizational performance. Conclusions - A CEO's positive leadership and members' positive life positions do not directly affect organizational performance but have a positive effect through learning organization activities and job engagement. In particular, CEOs' positive leadership was proven to be the major factor to affect members' positive life positions, learning organization attitudes, and job engagement, and learning organization activities and job engagement were found to be major factors that directly affect organizational performance. Considering these conclusions, the direct effect of a CEO's positive leadership on organizational performance is not statistically significant but seems to affect members' positive life positions, learning organization activities, and job engagement, which ultimately affects organizational performance. In addition, CEOs' positive leadership is an important factor that enhances the factors with the strongest effect on organizational performance-activities of learning organizations and job engagement.