• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2009

In the era of the outcome-based education, multiple-choice test has been widely employed owing to its efficiency that enables educators to evaluate a quantity of students with much objectiveness. However, the prevalent test has not been reconsidered enough to overcome its apparent shortcomings: examiners' effort for developing plausible and faultless distracters defending from every falsification, and students' random guessing on key choices. For alleviating such defects, tiered test as an experimental format of multiple-choice tests has been suggested in science education. Since there has not accumulated much study on the implementation of tiered tests, our research aim is set to construct a framework suggesting statistical indexes for rationally discerning tiered units that develop an effective tiered test. Graded both by our tiered-scoring and by the conventional partial-scoring, the preliminary tiered test in secondary physics attests the improvement in its discrimination and difficulty distribution. The findings reveal that the two indexes discern effective tiered items: discrimination increase (Ct-p) and difficulty decrease (Dp-t). Based on the index information, 4 heterogeneous tier types are recommended in the content of secondary physics: directional manipulation, repeated calculation, diverse explanation, and plural variables.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-106
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• 2005

This study, by adopting case study methodology, is focused on examining the present state and analyzing the cause of the digital divide, and suggesting policies for bridging the divide, specifically in view of SMEs. We have taken cases of manufacturing companies, visiting and interviewing 18 SMEs in 10 APEC member economies which show sharp difference in usage of ICT. In order to analyze the digital gap among SMEs, we used 5 variables that are composed of computer hardware, computer software, Internet, readiness of ICT, and performance of ICT adoption, while categorizing the cases into low and high tier based on the national ICT index. From a computer hardware perspective, the high tier (0.66) has almost double the number of PC’s per employee, compared with the low tiers (0.34). This gap can be explained by financial availability of low income and high tariff in the developing economies. In the computer software perspective, the SMEs in the low tier had some restrictive use of computer applications such as financial and accounting management and document management, while those in the high tier enjoyed more diversity in the use of applications such as inventory management, sales management, financial and accounting management, procurement management, CRM, and ERP. In view of the readiness of ICT, the difference in ICT infrastructure and financial status between the low and high tier was far wider than any other variables. As a result of ICT adoption, SMEs benefited in view of learning and growth, internal business processes, customer service, and financial affairs. To effectively bridge the digital divide between the low and high tier, actions such as setting up a secondary market of used computers among cooperating developed and developing countries, developing and diffusing good business applications, and building speedy, low-cost telecommunication infrastructures should be taken.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

본 논문은 목적이 네 개 이상인 고도 다목적 문제(many-objective problem)에서의 의사 결정을 위한 새로운 이중(two-tier) 최적화 접근법을 제안한다. 목적의 개수가 증가할수록, 특히 네 개 이상부터는, 전체해(solution) 중에서 파레도 최적해(Parero-optimal solution)가 차지하는 비율이 기하급수적으로 증가한다. 그래서 일반 다목적 문제와는 달리, 의사 결정을 하는데 단순히 파레토 최적 해만을 찾는 것으로는 충분하지 않고, 찾은 파레토 최적 해들 중에서도 상대적으로 좀 더 선호하는 해들을 가려내는 것이 필요하다. 제안하는 접근법에서는 추가적인 최적화 단계를 추가함으로써 사용자의 선호도를 균형있게 반영하는 방향으로 파레토 최적해들을 찾는다. 이러한 2차 최적화는 관련된 2차 목적들을 수반하게 되는데, 2차 목적으로는 광역평가값과 혼잡 거리를 사용하였다. 광역평가값과 혼잡 거리는 각각 사용자의 선호도와 다양성을 대변하는 척도이다. 제안한 접근법의 우수성을 보이기 위해서는 잘 알려진 검증 함수들을 활용하는데, 같은 함수에 대해 제안한 접근법을 적용한 경우와 적용하지 않은 경우의 결과를 비교한다. 제안한 접근법을 적용함으로써 기존보다 사용자의 선호도를 잘 반영하면서 동시에 우수하고 다양한 의사 선택이 가능하다.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2017

고등교육의 질 관리를 중요하게 생각한 국가들은 다양한 제도나 방법을 통해 교육의 질 강화를 진행하고 있다. 컴퓨터과학 분야에서도 고등교육의 질 관리를 위해 교육과정 표준을 구성하는 등 끊임없이 노력해 왔다. 컴퓨터과학 분야 교육과정 표준에서 언급한 지식영역의 우선순위를 파악해 보면, 내용체계 구성에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 CS2013을 토대로 내용요소에 대한 Tier1, Tier2, Elective의 시수와 세부영역의 수를 중심으로 순위를 도출하였다. 분석결과, 가장 높은 우선순위를 지닌 지식영역으로는 Software Development Fundamentals이었다. 해당 지식영역은 CS2013에서 기초 요소이기 때문에 초급코스로 권장한다고 기술되기도 하였다. 도출되어진 영역별 우선순위가 향후 초중등 정보교육과정이나 고등 교양 정보교육과정, 교원양성기관의 정보교육과정 설정에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2010

Energy conservation is one of the most important issues for evaluating the performance of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Generally speaking, hierarchical clustering protocols such as LEACH, LEACH-C, EEEAC, and BCDCP are more efficient in energy conservation than flat routing protocols. However, these typical protocols still have drawbacks of unequal and high energy depletion in cluster heads (CHs) due to the different transmission distance from each CH to the base station (BS). In order to minimize the energy consumption and increase the network lifetime, we propose a new hierarchical routing protocol, distance aware intelligent clustering protocol (DAIC), with the key concept of dividing the network into tiers and selecting the high energy CHs at the nearest distance from the BS. We have observed that a considerable amount of energy can be conserved by selecting CHs at the nearest distance from the BS. Also, the number of CHs is computed dynamically to avoid the selection of unnecessarily large number of CHs in the network. Our simulation results showed that the proposed DAIC outperforms LEACH and LEACH-C by 63.28% and 36.27% in energy conservation respectively. The distance aware CH selection method adopted in the proposed DAIC protocol can also be adapted to other hierarchical clustering protocols for the higher energy efficiency.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제40권
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• pp.3-30
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• 2008

This article attempts to describe and analyze the rules on the buyer's remedies for lack of conformity under PELS. It shows that such remedies under the PELS operate in a two-tier remedial scheme which is alien to both domestic and international legal systems. That is, repair and replacement take the position of primary remedy, whereas termination, price reduction and damages are secondary remedies which are available only where the primary remedies cannot be invoked. Notwithstanding its superiority, the PELS have some drawbacks in several aspects. First, the PELS seems to place its focus on the factor of cost except the other factors, for instance, the significance of the lack of conformity, when one decides whether the first tier remedies cause the seller unreasonable effort or expense. It is argued that the factors can be considered by referring to art. 1:302 PECL. Second, the PELS does not expressively provide any exclusion of the seller's right to choose between repair or replacement on the basis of unreasonable uncertainty in reimbursing the expenses advanced by the buyer. It argues that if there is such uncertainty, it should be regarded as causing the buyer an unreasonable inconvenience under art. 4:204(1). Third, the PELS does not seem to properly reflect the consumer's interests in that most consumers prefer to have the absolute right of termination as against the commercial sellers who have a relatively stronger bargaining position. The reasons for that is that there is a big hurdle, i.e., a hierarchy of remedies, to be overcome by the consumer to battle with the commercial seller, and that unavoidable vagueness in defining a minor lack of conformity has been often used against the consumer, but in favour of the commercial seller with a strong bargaining position.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제48권
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• pp.7-41
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• 2002

This paper analyses the proposals contained in the British Government Green Paper, A New Contract for Welfare: Partnership in Pensions for low paid workers and the potential of the new rules to guarantee a decent income in old age. The UK pension system is a partnership between the State(providing the basic state pension and the SERPS), employers(providing occupational pension scheme) and private pension providers(providing personal pensions). Although the system needs to change, this partnership remains the right foundation. However, the pension Green Paper proposes substantial changes to second tier pension provision in the UK. In particular, the Government plans to replace the SERPS with a new State Second Pension. According to the Green Paper, this will result in "dramatically better pension provision for those earning less than ${\pounds}9,000$ a year" and through increased payments to private pension schemes, will also provide "extra help to those on middle incomes(${\pounds}9,000-{\pounds}18,500$ a year). Therefore, it discusses the general principles inherent in the design of the British pension system and analyses the balance of these principles is represented in the Green Paper. The paper then examines how the Government's proposals protect individuals from a means-tested old age. This paper finds that the Green paper's proposals add up to reinventing a new two-stage basic pension. However, two key features of a such a basic pension package are missing- an 'adequate' level of payment and comprehensive entitlement. Because of these missing principles we argue that the Green Paper's proposals incorporate for the low paid. The income from the basic pension and the secondary pension which is so near the means-tested minimum that little is gained in retirement from a lifetime of work and contribution. Indeed, the shift away from collective provision and the emphasis on individual responsibility will reinforce this inequality, so that many poor will continue to experience poverty in later life.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.379-393
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• 1995

In spite of school science learning, the students' conceptions have not been changed easily. Therefore, to make students overcome their non scientific conceptions has been an important issue in science education. The purpose of this study was to identify the conceptions of students and teachers on the motion of the earth and the moon. The instrument was developed for estimating students' understandings of the concepts related to the motion of the earth and the moon. The validity of the instrument was examined by the specialists in Science Educator and Astronomer. At the same time, the two field trials had been executed, and the items were modified. Also, it consists of 12 items including 9 two-tier multiple choice items and 3 multiple choice items. The population of this study consists of 250 eighth-, 299 tenth-, 292 eleventh-grade students, 134 science teachers in secondary school. SPSS/PC+ was adopted for the statistical analysis. The type of misconceptions possessed students were as follows: 1) At 12:00 noon, the sun is directly overhead. 2) First quarter moon is a half of overall surface of the moon. 3) Air don't rotate with the earth surface because it keeps apart from the earth surface. 4) Summer is warmer than winter, because the earth is nearer from the sun in summer. 5) Whenever season is changed, the direction of rotation axis of the earth is changed. 6) The moon is the brightest at the position of new moon, because the distance between the moon and the sun is the shortest and the moon is received strongest sunlight. 7) The moon is not seen at the position of real full moon, because it is covered with shadow of the earth. 8) When the moon is not seen in the earth, sunlight is not reached at the moon. The major findings were as follows : 1) The middle school students had more misconceptions than those of high school students. And female students had more misconceptions than those of male ones. 2) The rate of correct answer and the type of conception in the tenth grade students were very similar with eleventh grade students. 3) The higher cognitive level, the better development of scientific conception and the less misconception. Also, the correlation coefficient between scientific conception score and GALT score was 0.57. 4) The students in scientific part had higher the rate of correct answer than those of students in human part and the former had less misconception than the latter. 5) The rate of correct answer about model and figure items was lower than descriptive ones, because they did not understand about figures itselves. These types of misconceptions will be used for science instruction and studies of other conceptions need.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2023

This study aimed to verify the validity of the evaluation items and weight determination of the indoor environmental safety area, which has the most frequent accidents, among the safety certification evaluations of educational facilities by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, which has been conducted since May 2021. As a preceding study, the evaluation items of the school safety evaluation checklist being implemented in the US state of Vermont were compared, and the causes of accidents judged by teachers in the accident experiences written by 200 Korean teachers were compared with the safety certification evaluation items belonged to the Ministry of Education. In addition, research literature using the AHP analysis technique on safety risks of elementary and secondary schools in China and safety evaluation index study cases of 539 elementary school children in Indonesia were analyzed. Through these preceding studies, measures to add and adjust evaluation items were derived and the validity and importance rankings of evaluation items were calculated through AHP questionnaires to teachers and safety experts. In addition, a survey was conducted on 104 ordinary people to verify the results of expert analysis. As a result of expert AHP analysis, 'safety education and disaster response training (.396)' was the highest priority for the relative importance of the first layer, followed by 'safety measures (.387)' and 'building materials'. Safety (.216)' was found to be the highest priority. In the overall importance ranking of the 13 second-tier screening items, safety accident prevention education had the highest priority and disaster preparedness training ranked second, proving that the Ministry of Education's review weight was underestimated. In addition, slip and collision accident countermeasures, which were not in the existing Ministry of Education review items, ranked 4th, laboratory practice room safety measures ranked 6th, and sanitation, cleanliness, hazardous substance management, and cafeteria/cooking room safety measures ranked 9th, indicating a significant level of importance. Referring to the importance ranking, which is the result of this study, it is suggested that it is necessary to review the weight of each review item again.