• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.2194-2198
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• 2008

In this paper, the construction of secondary reaction plate is analyzed by 3-D Finite Element Method(3-D FEM) to consider the influence of its variation on the transverse edge effect of LIM. The effective 3-D analysis model for considering the transverse edge effect caused by the finite widths of the primary and the secondary is proposed. The simple method measuring the transverse edge effect by using the patterns of currents induced in the secondary reaction plate is also proposed. With this effective analysis method, various models of secondary reaction plate with overhang and cap has been analyzed to consider the relationship between the construction of secondary reaction plate and the transverse edge effect of LIM.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2021

In the secondary refining process for the production of high-grade steel, the proper composition is maintained by alloying elements, and non-metallic inclusions are controlled for high cleanliness. Complex reactions occur simultaneously between the molten steel, slag, inclusions, refractories, and alloying elements during the secondary refining process. Previous works have reported simulation models based on kinetics to predict the compositional changes in molten steel, slag, and inclusions in actual processes. Analytical reviews are required for the models to predict the process accurately. In this study, we reviewed and analyzed simulation models based on the coupled reaction model for the secondary refining process.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2021

As a demand of high-end steel raises, the importance of secondary refinement process also increases. However, the content of each component in molten steel, slag and inclusions change with the time, meaning the secondary refinement process is not an equilibrium state. Furthermore, many reactions occur between molten steel, slag, inclusion, refractory and alloying element during secondary refinement process. In order to consider the above complex reactions with non-equilibrium state, a few researchers developed kinetic models in secondary refinement process based on the experimental numerical equations. It is important to analyze and review to the previously reported models to develop a precise model. Therefore, in present study, the complex reaction models based on kinetic in secondary refinement process were analyzed, reviewed, and introduced. Moreover, the single reaction models also introduced which would be applied to the complex reaction models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.857-862
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• 2011

3 dimensional turbine exhaust gas flow was simplified to an axisymmetrical flow and calculated with detailed chemistry models. GRI 35 species-217 reaction step model and simplified 11 species 15 reaction model was applied to the secondary reaction of the turbine exhaust gas and compared. All the model captured the secondary combustion on the base region, and the temperature was 600K higher than that without turbine exhaust gas. This means the local temperature of the base can be higher in the case of real 3 dimensional flow. The simplified model show the similar results to the GRI detailed chemistry model although the former affected the engine plume structure slightly.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2016

This paper presents the analysis of the analysis of thrust characteristics of linear induction motors(LIMs) according to secondary reaction plate. LIMs are well known as high speed transport systems, which can obtain thrust directly without gears and links, or auxiliary mechanisms. A simple structure, easy maintenance, and less environmental pollution are advantages of LIMs. In transport systems using LIMs, the secondary reaction plate is an important design factor, because it has considerable impact on the cost of the railway as well as the performance of the LIMs. This paper deals analyzed the characteristics of linear induction motor used for moving the vehicle of container scanner. Thrust, efficiency and load characteristic were interpreted with FEM regarding two models whose material of secondary reaction plate was copper and aluminum. It suggested the interpretation of thrust, efficiency and power factor characteristic along slip and compared the operation ability of linear induction motor through characteristics analysis along the load.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.987-990
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• 2021

As the amount of high-capacity secondary battery waste gradually increased, waste secondary batteries for industry (high-speed train & HEV) were recycled and materialization studies were carried out. The precipitation experiment was carried out with various conditions in the synthesis of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ material using a Taylor reactor. The raw material used in this study was a leaching solution generated from waste nickel-based batteries. The nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) precursor was prepared by the Taylor reaction process. Material analysis indicated that spherical powder was formed, and the particle size of the precursor was decreased as the reaction speed was increased during the preparation of the NCM. The spherical NCM powder having a particle size of 10 ㎛ was synthesized using reaction conditions, stirring speed of 1000 rpm for 24 hours. The NCM precursor prepared by the Taylor reaction was synthesized as a cathode material for the LIB, and then a coin-cell was manufactured to perform the capacity evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 2002

Combustion performance of an internally cycloned circulating fluidized bed for paper sludge was discussed through a series of batch type experiments. Operation parameters such as water content, feeding mass of sludge and secondary air injection rate were varied to find out the effect on the combustion performance, which was examined with carbon conversion rate and pollutant emission such as CO and NOx. A conventional solid fuel reaction was observed in the experiments of varying water content and feeding mass of the sludge, which is characterized with kinetic limited reaction zone, diffusion limited reaction zone and transition zone. Secondary air injection with swirl enhances the mixing of the gas phase as well as the solid phase, and improves combustion efficiency accompanied with higher carbon conversion rate and lower pollutant emission rate.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

Kinetics of holocellulose hydrolysis in concentrated sulfuric acid was analyzed using $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy with different reaction time, temperature and acid concentration in secondary hydrolysis. In this work, reaction condition of secondary hydrolysis was similar to concentrated sulfuric acid process with electrodialysis or simulated moving bed chromatography process for sulfuric acid recycling. By $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy, acid hydrolyzates from higher secondary acid hydrolysis (25-35% acid concentration) was successfully analyzed without any difficulties in neutralization or adsorption of acid hydrolyzate to solid salt. Higher acid concentration, higher temperature and longer reaction time led to more cellulose for glucose conversion but accompanied with glucose to galactose isomerization, glucose to unknown compounds and degradation of glucose to organic acid via furans.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

In this study, the formation of nanoparticles by a reaction of ozone with the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from a commercial home cleaner liquid was investigated using a $1-m^3$ reaction chamber($1{\times}1{\times}1m$). The home cleaner liquid was found to contain many VOCs, particularly terpenes. Some of these VOCs are known to readily react with ozone, forming indoor secondary pollutants. The correlation of particle concentration and reacted ozone concentration was examined with injections of three different ozone concentrations; 50, 100 and 200 ppb. The secondary nanoparticles were formed faster, with their numbers and mass concentrations becoming higher on increasing the concentration of ozone injected.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2002

The chemical compositions of groundwaters from the granite areas mainly belong to Ca-HC0$_{3}$ and Na-HC0$_{3}$type, and some of these belong to Ca-(CI+S0$_{4}$) and Na-(CI+S0$_{4}$) type. Spring waters and groundwaters from anorthosite areas belong to Ca-HC03 and Na-HC03 type, respectively. The result of reaction path modeling shows that the chemical compositions of aqueous solution reacted with granite evolve from initial Ca-CI type, via CaHC0$_{3}$ type, to Na-HC0$_{3}$ type. The result of rain water-anorthosite interaction is similar to evolution path of granite reaction and both of these results agree well with the field data. In the reaction path modeling of rain watergranite/anorthosite reaction, as a reaction is progressing, the activity of hydrogen ion decreases (pH increases). The concentrations of cations are controlled by the dissolution of rock-forming minerals and precipitation and re-dissolution of secondary minerals according to the pH. The continuous addition of granite causes the formation of secondary minerals in the following sequence; gibbsite plus hematite, Mn-oxide, kaolinite, silica, chlorite, muscovite (a proxy for illite here), calcite, laumontite, prehnite, and finally analcime. In the anorthosite reaction, the order of precipitation of secondary minerals is the same as with granite reaction except that there is no silica precipitation and paragonite precipitates instead of analcime. The silica and kaolinite are predominant minerals in the granite and anorthosite reactions, respectively. Total quantities of secondary minerals in the anorthosite reaction are more abundant than those in the granite reaction.