• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.17-32
• /
• 2018

This paper explores the function of a structural skin with an embossed surface applicable to use for tall building structures. The major diagrid system with a secondary embossed surface structure provides an enhanced perimeter structural system by increasing tube section areas and reduces aerodynamic loads by disorienting major organized structure of winds. A parametric study used to investigate an optimized configuration of the embossed structure revealed that the embossed structure has a structural advantage in stiffening the structure, reducing lateral drift to 90% compared to a non-embossed diagrid baseline model, and results of wind load analysis using computational fluid dynamics, demonstrated the proposed embossed system can reduce. The resulting undulating embossed skin geometry presents both opportunities for incorporating versatile interior environments as well as unique challenges for daylighting and thermal control of the envelope. Solar and thermal control requires multiple daylighting solutions to address each local façade surface condition in order to reduce energy loads and meet occupant comfort standards. These findings illustrate that although more complex in geometry, architects and engineers can produce tall buildings that have less impact on our environment by utilizing structural forms that reduce structural steel needed for stiffening, thus reducing embodied $CO^2$, while positively affecting indoor quality and energy performance, all possible while creating a unique urban iconography derived from the performance of building skin.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2015

The primary design goal of a compressor is focused on improving efficiency. Secondary objective is to widen the operating range of compressor. This paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation of the influence of the bleed slot on the operating range for the 1.2 MW class centrifugal compressor installed in a turbocharger. The main design parameters of the bleed slot casing are upstream slot position, inlet pipe slope, downstream slot position and width. The DOE(design of experiment) method was carried out to optimize the casing design. Numerical analyses were done by the commercial code ANSYS-CFX based on the three dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Results showed that efficiency and pressure ratio increased as the downstream slot position and width were smaller and the upstream position was located away from the impeller inlet. Experimental works were also done with and without the bleed slot casing. The simulation results were in good agreement with the test data. Enhancement of both the surge margin up to 26.5% and the pressure ratio with the optimized bleed slot design were achieved, compared with the surge margin of only 6.6% without the bleed slot casing.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2010

The performance of the crossover system of a centrifugal compressor stage consisting of static components of $180^{\circ}$ U-bend, return channel vanes and exit ducting with a $90^{\circ}$ bend is investigated. This study is confined to the assessment of performance of the crossover system by varying the shape of the return channel vanes. For this purpose two different types of Return Channel Vanes (RCV1 and RCV2) were experimentally investigated. The performance of the crossover system is discussed in terms of total pressure loss coefficient, static pressure recovery coefficient and vane surface pressure distribution. The experimentation was carried out on a test setup in which static swirl vanes were used to simulate the flow at the exit of an actual centrifugal compressor impeller with a design flow coefficient of 0.053. The swirl vanes are connected to a mechanism with which the flow angle at the inlet of U-bend could be altered. The measurements were taken at five different operating conditions varying from 70% to 120% of design flow rate. On an overall assessment RCV1 is found to give better performance in comparison to RCV2 for different U-bend inlet flow angles. The performance of RCV2 was verified using numerical studies with the help of a CFD Code. Three dimensional sector models were used for simulating the flow through the crossover system. The turbulence was predicted with standard k-$\varepsilon$, 2-equation model. The iso-Mach contour plots on different planes and development of secondary flows were visualized through this study.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2008

The numerical simulation of wind and ozone ($O_3$) transport in mountainous regions was performed with a computational fluid dynamics technique. A dry deposition model for $O_3$ was designed to estimate $O_3$ deposition in complex terrain, and the qualitative validity of the predicted $O_3$ concentration field was confirmed by comparison with observed data collected with passive samplers. The simulation revealed that wind velocity increases around ridge lines and peaks of mountains. The areas with strong wind corresponded well with the sites of tree decline at high altitudes, suggesting that it is an important factor in the localization of tree/forest decline. On the other hand, there is no direct relationship between forest decline and $O_3$ concentration. The $O_3$ concentration, however, tends to increase as wind velocity becomes higher, thus the $O_3$ concentration itself may be a potential secondary factor in the localized decline phenomena. While the diffusion flux of $O_3$ is not related to localized tree decline, the pattern of advection flux is related to those of high wind velocity and localized tree decline. These results suggest that strong wind with large advection flux of $O_3$ may play a key role in the promotion of tree/forest decline at high mountain ridges and peaks.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 1973

The influences of the acute hemorrhage on the intestinal functions were studied in the rabbits subjected to acute bleeding, amounting 1.5-2% of the body weight. The motility and the absorptive capacity of the ileum were compared before and after the bleeding. Transfusion of shed blood was also performed in order to see whether the deteriorations were reversible or not. The tension developed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the ileum was recorded through an appropriate transducer, and the frequency of the rhythmic contraction was counted throughout the procedure. Test solution, 10ml in amount, was placed in the loop of the ileum, and the samples were drawn at zero time and at 20 minutes. Triplicated procedures were repeated on the same loop;namely, before and after bleeding and after transfusion. The test solution was composed of 200 mg% urea, 218 mEq/l of NaCl and 150 mg% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) No. 4,000 in distilled water. The latter substance was used as a marker substance for the volume change of the loop. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The motility of the ileum suffered little effects by acute hemorrhage. However, minor fluctuations were seen in the frequency of the rhythm, showing a slight tendency of decreasing rhythmicity, and it was reversed by transfusion. 2. Diminution of absorptive capacity of urea was noticed in acute hemorrhage and it was interpreted as the consequence of the secondary effect of the retardation of the active transport mechanism governing the sodium transport 3. Absorption rate of the sodium ion was dropped in the hemorrhage, suggesting the indispensable need of the blood supply. 4. Osmolarity of the luminal fluid remained higher in the case of acute hemorrhage. 5. There was a tendency of retaining more fluid in the intestinal lumen in acute hemorrhage, comparing with that observed prior to the bleeding. 6. The deteriorations in the absorptive capacity were restored by transfusion of shed blood.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제49권2호
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the impact of two stimulation protocols using highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (HP-hMG) on the endocrine profile, follicular fluid soluble Fas levels, and outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Methods: This prospective clinical trial included 100 normal-responder women undergoing ovarian stimulation for ICSI; 55 patients received concomitant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plus HP-hMG from the start of stimulation, while 45 patients received FSH followed by HP-hMG during mid/late follicular stimulation. The primary outcome was the number of top-quality embryos. The secondary outcomes were the number and percentage of metaphase II (MII) oocytes and the clinical pregnancy rate. Results: The number of MII oocytes was significantly higher in the concomitant protocol (median, 13.0; interquartile range [IQR], 8.5-18.0 vs. 9.0 [8.0-13.0] in the consecutive protocol; p=0.009); however, the percentage of MII oocytes and the fertilization rate were significantly higher in the consecutive protocol (median, 90.91; IQR, 80.0-100.0 vs. 83.33 [75.0-93.8]; p=0.034 and median, 86.67; IQR, 76.9-100.0 vs. 77.78 [66.7-89.9]; p=0.028, respectively). No significant between-group differences were found in top-quality embryos (p=0.693) or the clinical pregnancy rate (65.9% vs. 61.8% in the consecutive vs. concomitant protocol, respectively). The median follicular fluid soluble Fas antigen level was significantly higher in the concomitant protocol (9,731.0 pg/mL; IQR, 6,004.5-10,807.6 vs. 6,350.2 pg/mL; IQR, 4,382.4-9,418.4; p=0.021). Conclusion: Personalized controlled ovarian stimulation using HP-hMG during the late follicular phase led to a significantly lower response, but did not affect the quality of ICSI.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제52권10호
• /
• pp.743-752
• /
• 2019

만곡수로에서의 흐름은 나선형 운동 형태의 이차류가 지배적이며, 이로 인해 일반적으로 만곡 외측을 따라 침식 현상이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 이차류를 약화시키기 위해서 보통 만곡수로 외측을 따라서 수제와 같은 수공구조물을 설치한다. 이 연구에서는 OpenFOAM 오프소스 소프트웨어를 토대로 난류 해석을 위한 하이브리드 RANS/LES 기법과 자유수면 해석을 위한 VoF기법을 이용한 3차원 수치모의를 통해서 $90^{\circ}$ 만곡수로에 설치된 잠긴수제가 후루드수가 0.43인 조건에서 이차류의 발달에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 시간과 공간에 대해서 2차 정확도의 유한체적법을 이용하여 수치모의를 수행하였으며, 수치해석 결과는 실험결과와 비교하여 수치모의의 정확도를 평가하였다. 잠긴수제가 설치된 경우의 수치모의 결과를 흐름방향 유속 분포와 횡방향 순환 유속벡터장을 중심으로 수리실험 관측값들과 비교할 때 수치모의 결과는 수리실험에서 관측된 주요 이차류 흐름 거동과 현상들을 대부분 양호한 정확도로 잘 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. 수치모의 결과를 비교해보면, 잠긴수제 설치로 인해서 만곡이 끝나는 단면 외측 하상부근에서의 유속은 약 평균유속의 1/3 정도 감소하는 반면에 수제 상단부에서의 전단층 발달에 따른 흐름 가속으로 자유수면 부근까지 유속이 증가하고 만곡 수충부에서는 수면 부근 유속이 약 20% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 잠긴수제는 만곡부에서 발생하는 이차류의 강도를 약화시켜 만곡부 외측 하상의 안정에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 각 잠긴수제 전면부에서 말발굽와가 그리고 후면부에서는 후류가 형성되면서 수제 구조물 주변에서 강한 국부세굴이 발생하는 것으로 나타남으로, 국부세굴을 최소화할 수 있는 수제의 형상 및 배열에 대한 추가 연구가 요구된다.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2001

경상분지 통남부에 위치하는 울산 철-사문암광산 지역에는 유일하게 국내에서는 초염기성암과 탄산염 암체가 공간적으로 연관성을 가지고 소규모로 분포하고 있다. 야외지질조사, 광상시추코아자료, 안정동위원소 분선 등의 연구결과는 울산의 탄산염암체는 용융체에서 형성된 카보내타이트의 가능성이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 산출상태는 관입암상의 특징임을 반영하고 있다. 이번 연구에 의한 이곳의 지질은 중생대 퇴적암과 화산암, 이를 관입하고 있는 화강암류, 화강암을 관입하고 있는 초염기성암, 이 초염기성암을 관입하고 있는 카보내타이트로 이루어진다. 탄산염암체는 지표 상에서는 초염기성암과 함께 동심원상의 타원형으로, 수직단면도에서는 깔때기형태로 산출되고 있다. 탄소, 산소 안정동위원소비는 전형적인 맨틀기원의 카보내타이트로서의 특징이라기보다는 특이한 이원성형태(bimodal pattern)를 나타내었으며, 이는 울산의 카보내타이트를 형성한 마그마가 맨틀에서 직접적으로 상승한 마그마라기보다는 지각 내에서 형성된 2차적 카보내타이트 마그마임을 지시하는 것으로 해석된다. 즉, 초염기성암 마그마가 상승하면서 지각 내에 있던 석회질암이 용융되어, 탄산염마그마를 형성하고, 심부의 파쇄대가 발달한 현재의 장소에 사문암체를 형성한 초염기성 마그마와 그 뒤를 이어 탄산염마그마가 관입한 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 울산 철-사문암광산 지역은 심부파쇄대가 발달된 것이며, 탄산염암체내의 유체포유물의 유형, 안정동위원소의 패턴, 초염기성암과의 공간적 관계 등은 울산의 탄산염암체가 카보내타이트로 해석되는 것을 지지해주고 있다.

• 광물과 암석
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.199-214
• /
• 2022

영남육괴는 광역적인 고온-저압의 변성작용과 부분용융을 경험한 한반도 지각을 대표하는 기반암 중 하나이다. 이 논문에서는 지금까지 보고된 영남육괴 고온 변성암류에 기록된 백립암상의 변성작용과 부분용융 과정을 통해 고원생대(1.87-1.84Ga)의 고온조산운동 기록을 살펴본다. 특히 열원으로서의 역할을 담당했던, 산청-하동지역 회장암질 마그마를 비롯한 고철질 화성활동과 고온-저압 변성작용 사이의 시공간적 연계는 영남육괴의 광역변성작용과 지각용융을 이해하는데 필수적인 정보를 제공한다. 지각용융은 주로 함(含)유체 부분용융과 백운모/흑운모의 탈수용융에 의해 발생하였으며, 다양한 형태의 우백대와 우백질 화강암을 형성하였다. 이차이온질량분석기를 활용한 저어콘과 모나자이트의 암석연대학적 결과는 영남육괴의 고온변성작용과 부분용융이 약 1870-1854 Ma의 ~15 Ma 기간 동안 지속되었음을 지시한다. 또한, 초기 차노카이트로 대표되는 유체유입 사건이 약 1840 Ma에 발생하였다. 이와 같이 영남육괴 내에는 고온변성작용과 부분융용, 그리고 유체유입이라는 고온조산대를 대표하는 일련의 지질사건들이 기록되어 있다. 영남육괴에서 확인된 고온조산대는 북중국 지괴에서 흔히 보고되는 고원생대 조산운동과 연계되어 있으며, 고원생대 콜럼비아/누나 초대륙 진화의 최후기 산물이리라 판단된다.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2014

Heat pumps have received a fair amount of attention all over the world for their high efficiency and low environmental impact. Employing heat pumps for residential heating and cooling produces only about 2038 kg-$CO_2$/year, an amount which is less than half that of conventional boiler systems. However, the use of single-stage heat pumps becomes uneconomical when they are operated at very low evaporating temperature or high condensing temperature. Two-stage heat pumps systems can be used successfully for low or high temperature applications. In this paper, the experimental study on the performance of two-stage heat pump with an economizer was executed in heating mode. When the secondary fluid inlet temperature to the indoor heat exchanger increased, the COP enhancement rate of two-stage heat pump with an economizer was increased. For all outdoor inlet temperature conditions, the performance of the heat pump with an economizer was higher than it without an economizer.