• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2000

Addition of carbon and nitrogen source to an alcohol distillery wastewater was tried to increase the cell concentration of a b baker's yeast cultivated in that wastewater. Carbon was found to be primary limiting nutrient and nitrogen secondary limiting o one. Glucose addition increased the cell concentration 1.3 times higher than no addition, and both glucose and $(NH_4)_2S0_4$ a addition did 5.8 times. A fed-batch cultivation by the automatic addition of glucose and ammonium was executed. Added g glu$\infty$se was automatically controlled to low concentration by a method using DO as control parameter. Ammonium was a automatically added as NH40H used as pH $\infty$ntrol agent after initiating glucose addition. By this simple cultivation method t the cell concentration $\infty$내d be efficiently increased from 2.6g/L to 12.0g/L, and maximum specific growth rate and biomass y yield to glu$\infty$se were $0.18hr^{-1}$ and about 0.54g/g respectively. By increasing cell concentration, COD of the wastewater m media could be additionally reduced by about 22%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5977-5981
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• 2015

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women and a leading cause of cancer deaths. The age of onset in Iran has become reduced by a decade for unknown reasons. Herceptin, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is a target therapy for breast cancer cells with over expression of HER2-neu receptors, but it is an expensive drug with only 20% beneficial rate of survival. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the efficacy of this drug through immunoconjugation of the antibody to botulinum toxin. Decreasing the cost and adverse effects of the antibody were secondary goals of this study. Materials and Methods: Botulinum toxin was conjugated with Herceptin using heterobifunctional cross linkers, succinimidyl acetylthiopropionate (SATP) and sulfo-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) according to the supplier's guidelines and tested on two breast cancer cell lines: SK-BR-3 and BT-474. Toxin and Herceptin were also used separately as controls. The cytotoxicity assay was also performed using the new bioconjugate on cultured cells with Alamar blue and a fluorescence plate reader. Results: Herceptin-Toxin bioconjugation significantly improved Herceptin efficacy on both breast cancer cell lines when compared to the control group. Conclusions: Toxin-Herceptin bioconjugation can be a potential candidate with increased efficiency for treating breast cancer patients with over expression of the HER2 receptor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3061-3064
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• 2012

Aim: An epidemiological shift has resulted in increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Unlike other NCDs which are easily and definitely preventable, the knowledge of cancer prevention is still limited at present. Various aetiological factors are difficult to control since those are habit forming. Hence an available remedy remains its secondary and tertiary prevention for which appropriate planning is of paramount importance. Evidence based planning requires careful analysis of data with a view to prioritize various cancers. Keeping in view the fact that the adaptation of smoking free status in Chandigarh city might have a far reaching positive effect on the cancer related morbidity of the people, the following study was undertaken to provide base line data to be used for future comparisons. Methods: The registers maintained in the Department of Radiotherapy were checked and those belonging to the years 1999 to 2009 were utilized to analyze the cancer morbidity in respect to age, sex, and year of presentation to health care facility. Results: A total of 4,600 cancer patients (males=2276, females=2324) demonstrated a gradual increase in the number of cancer cases from 150 in the year 1999 to 783 in the year 2009. The most common cancers amongst males were cancer of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and lung (including larynx) constituting 37.3% and 27.1% of the total, respectively. In females these were cancers of breast and cervix representing 33.3% & 17.6% of total cancer cases, respectively, and lung cancer constituted 5.3%. The maximum cases of bone cancer (53.8% of all bone cancers) were observed amongst children aged less than 20 years and lung cancer (48.2% of all lung cancers) among the elderly aged 60-69 years. The.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) type multiple emulsion was applied to improve the storage stability of an antagonistic microorganism, Burkholderia gladioli. Encapsulation of microorganism into a W/O/W emulsion was conducted by using a two-step emulsification method. W/O/W emulsion was prepared by the incorporation of B. gladioli into rapeseed oil and the addition of polyglycerin polyriconolate (PGPR) and castor oil polyoxyethylene (COG 25) as the primary and secondary emulsifier, respectively. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as an emulsion stabilizer. To evaluate the usefulness of W/O/W emulsion formulation as a microbial pesticide for controlling the bacterial wilt pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum), the storage stability and antagonistic activity of emulsion formulation were tested in vitro. The storage stability test revealed that the viability of formulated cells in emulsion was higher than that of unformulated cells in culture broth. At $4^{\circ}C$, the viabilities of formulated cells and unformulated cells at the end of 20 weeks decreased to about 2 and 5 log cycles, respectively. At $37^{\circ}C$, the viability of formulated cells decreased to only 2 log cycles at the end of storage. On the other hand, the viable cells in culture broth were not detected after 13 weeks. In activity test, formulated cells in emulsion were more effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogen than unformulated cells in culture broth. Unformulated cells completely lost their antagonistic activity during storage under similar conditions. The W/O/W multiple emulsion formulation was shown to be useful as the novel liquid formulation for biological control.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.111-121
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• 2000

A numerical model which can analyze the flow and bed topography characteristics of a single bend and continuous one was suggested using the equations of mass, momentum, the vertical distribution of secondary flow, and the transverse bed slope. The calculated flow and bed topography characteristic values were compared with the experimental data in a single bend, and the predicted path of maximum streamwise velocity in continuous bends also compared with the Vadnal and Chang's data. The comparisons gave good results. A curved channel with 180 degrees was used. Sand and anthracite were selected as bed materials in the movable bed experiments. The model application of this model to the sand bed and the anthracite one accorded well with the observed values in the experiments. This model was proved to be useful for predicting the flow and bed topography with the change of bed materials. The results of this research could be used to construct and control curved channels as a fundamental information.mation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 1999

The primary objective of these studies was to screen the materials showing inhibitions of HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of garlic, lovastatin and copper on cholesterol concentrations in plasma. liver and brease muscle of pullets. In experiment 1, the degree of inhibition of the selective samples on HMG-CoA reductase activity was determined in vitro. The inhibition rate of water soluble garlic extracts, lovastatin and copper to HMG-coA reductase activity were 51.3%, 87.5%, and 82.0% respectively . In experiment 2, control diet (basal diet), garlic powder (3% in diet) , lovastatin (300mg/kg of diet) and copper(200mg/kg of diet) were fed to pullets in order to investigate the changes of cholesterol concentration in plasma and tissues. Plasma total cholesterol , and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in pullets fed a diet containing 3 % garlic powder. However, coper significantly increased total cholesterol compared to controls and lovastatin did not affect plasma chholesterol concentration . Total cholesterol inlover and breast muscle inpullets were not affectedb y adding cholesterol lowering materials to the diets. The data suggests that it is not easy for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to reduce cholesterol levels in the body due to complication in cholestrol metabolism . However, garlic administration can lower the levels of plasma cholesterol in pullets.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

Pluronic as pharmaceutical excipients are listed in the US and British Pharmacopoeia. In particular, Pluronics exist as different compositions and display abundant phases as self-assembling into polymeric micelles with various morphologies depending on the aqueous solvent quality, the composition of structure, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Pluronics were also known as a P-gp modulator, which was exploited as a reversal molecule of multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancers. We selected a lamella forming Pluronic L92 which has high hydrophobicity and relatively long PEO block among L series of Pluronics. The dispersion of L92 showed great size particles and low stability. To increase the stability and to decrease the particle size, secondary Pluronics (F68, F88, F98, F127, P85, P105, and P123) with relatively long PEO chain were added into 0.1 wt% Pluronic L92 dispersion. The stability of binary systems was increased due to incorporated long PEO chain. Their particle sizes slightly decreased to over 200~400 nm and their solubilization capacity of binary systems didn't change except Pluronic L92/P123 mixtures. The L92/P123 systems showed ca. 100 nm sizes and lowest turbidity among the all systems. The solubilization capacity of 0.1 wt% L92/0.1 wt% P123 was slightly increased compared to 0.1 wt% L92 mono system and other binary systems. These nano-sized binary systems may have potential as alternative drug delivery systems with simple preparation method and overcome the drawbacks of mono systems such as low stability and loading capacity.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

Purpose - This study's purpose is to investigate the market structure of the Korean duty free shop industry that has received recent attention from researchers and practitioners. By raising the question of whether or not the Korean duty free shop industry is unequivocally monopolistic, a wider viewpoint is provided. The study seeks to offer insights and managerial implications for marketers and policy makers who are in charge of regulating major Korean duty free shops. Research design, data, and methodology - The authors use secondary data from various sources, including Korea Customs Service and the Moodie Report, to investigate the structure of the duty free shop industry of Korea. Based on several theories, they present various criteria and statistical evidence such as K-firm concentration ratio, HHI, consumer substitutability, excess profit, and marketing costs. Results - In terms of consumer substitutability, it is difficult to confirm whether or not the Korean duty free shop industry is monopolistic. Notwithstanding monopoly characteristics in terms of market share, neither the company Lotte nor Shilla appear to have market dominating power. It is not easy for either of them to control prices or to achieve a much lower operational profit ratio due to a dominant bargaining power. Moreover, the license is not an economic rent. In this situation, it is not easy for these companies to obtain an excessive profit. Conclusions - Considering that most global duty free shops are trying to go upscale to improve bargaining power, it does not seem likely that rigid regulations are needed in the industry. Even though the Korean duty free industry ostensibly has a monopolistic structure, government and policy-makers should look beyond the surface. They should take global and other reasonable criteria into consideration when they establish or change regulation policies. Thorough understanding and appropriate support are needed for the Korean duty free shop industry. Additionally, duty free shops should position themselves as global companies struggling against unlimited international competition, rather than Korean domestic companies. At the same time, they need to give customers appropriate information about the benefits they provide.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.494-500
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• 2010

Bacterial blight, an important and potentially destructive bacterial disease in rice, is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. Recently, this organism has developed resistance to available antibiotics, prompting scientists to find a suitable alternative. This study focused on secondary metabolites of Phomopsis longicolla to target X. oryzae. Five bioactive compounds were isolated by activity-guided fractionation from ethyl acetate extracts of mycelia and were identified by LC/MS and NMR spectroscopy as dicerandrol A, dicerandrol B, dicerandrol C, deacetylphomoxanthone B, and fusaristatin A. This is the first time fusaristatin A has been isolated from Phomopsis sp. Deacetylphomoxanthone B showed a higher antibacterial effect against X. oryzae KACC 10331 than the positive control (2,4-diacetyphloroglucinol). Dicerandrol A also showed high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and yeast (Candida albicans). In addition, high production yields of these compounds were obtained at the stationary and death phases.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The centralized conference architecture, one of the conference architectures in SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) environment, is widely used as it has the advantage of conference management and control. However it has been limited in scalability. Therefore we have proposed an efficient distributed conference architecture to improve scalability of centralized conference model. In our architecture, if the number of conference participants exceeds the predefined maximum number, a new conference server is added to the conference dynamically. In this case, the focus of existing server acts as primary focus and the focus of added server acts as secondary focus, and dynamic reallocation of participants between servers is done to equally divide the loads. This process is repeated as the number of conference participants increases. For this behavior, we have proposed procedure of adding the conference server, SIP call signal exchange, signaling procedure for RTP(Real Time Transport Protocol) sessions between conference servers, and procedure of conference event package between conference servers. The performance of our proposed model is evaluated by experiments.