• Title/Summary/Keyword: second-order accuracy

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Eyelid Detection Algorithm Based on Parabolic Hough Transform for Iris Recognition (홍채 인식을 위한 포물 허프 변환 기반 눈꺼풀 영역 검출 알고리즘)

  • Jang, Young-Kyoon;Kang, Byung-Jun;Park, Kang-Ryoung
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.94-104
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    • 2007
  • Iris recognition is biometric technology which uses a unique iris pattern of user in order to identify person. In the captured iris image by conventional iris recognition camera, it is often the case with eyelid occlusion, which covers iris information. The eyelids are unnecessary information that causes bad recognition performance, so this paper proposes robust algorithm in order to detect eyelid. This research has following three advantages compared to previous works. First, we remove the detected eyelash and specular reflection by linear interpolation method because they act as noise factors when locating eyelid. Second, we detect the candidate points of eyelid by using mask in limited eyelid searching area, which is determined by searching the cross position of eyelid and the outer boundary of iris. And our proposed algorithm detects eyelid by using parabolic hough transform based on the detected candidate points. Third, there have been many researches to detect eyelid, but they did not consider the rotation of eyelid in an iris image. Whereas, we consider the rotation factor in parabolic hough transform to overcome such problem. We tested our algorithm with CASIA Database. As the experimental results, the detection accuracy were 90.82% and 96.47% in case of detecting upper and lower eyelid, respectively.

The Development of 63nm Diode Laser System for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer (광역학적 암치료를 위한 635nm 다이오드 레이저 시스템 개발)

  • 임현수
    • Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.319-328
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    • 2003
  • The purpose of this paper is to develop a medical laser system using the semiconductor diode laser in order to photodynamic cancel therapy as a light source. The ideal light source for photodynamic therapy would be a homogeneous nondiverging light with variable spot size and specific wavelength with stability. After due consideration in this point, in this paper, we used a diode laser resonator of 635nm wavelength. The development laser system have a statistical laser out beam with accuracy control using the constant current control of method and clinic-friendly with compact. In order to protect the diode resonator from the over-current, the rush-current and electrical fault, we specially designed. The most importance therapeutic factor are the radiation mode for cancer therapy. So we developed the radiation mode of CW(Continuous Wave), long pulse, short pulse, and burst pulse and can adjust the exposure time from several milli-second to several minute. The experimental result shows that laser beam power was increased linear from 10mW to 300mW according to the increasing input current and the increasing exposure time. The developed new compact diode laser system have a stability of output power and specific wavelength with easy control and transportable for many applications of PDT.

Development of Indirect Dosimetry by Calculation Method in the Diagnostic X-ray Equipment (진단용엑스선촬영장치의 간접 선량 계산법 개발)

  • Kim, Jung-Su;Kim, Sung-Hwan;Jeon, Min-Cheol;Ju, Won-Ha;Jeong, Min-Gyu;Kim, Mi-Jeong;Lee, Seung-Youl;Lee, Tae-Hee;Seoung, Youl-Hun
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.587-594
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to develop the indirect dosimetry by calculation (IDC) method for diagnostic X-ray equipment. The experiments were performed with inverter type X-ray tubes: Toshiba (E7252X, Japan) and Varian (RAD-14, USA). For the development method, we first applied the standard quality of X-ray beam shown in the TRS457 document, and second, to produce the constants of trendline for the IDC, the total filtration on X-ray beam was subdivided. Third, in order to increase the precision, the energy region was divided into the high energy region and the low energy region and developed by the IDC. In order to verify the IDC, mean dose (mR) values were measured for three Toshiba X-ray tubes and three Varian X-ray tubes at clinical medical institutions and then compared with the IDC on the 2013. As a result, compared with the previous study, the accuracy of the IDC of this study were improved by 2.71% and 9.91% in Toshiba and Varian X-ray tubes, respectively.

Development on Identification Algorithm of Risk Situation around Construction Vehicle using YOLO-v3 (YOLO-v3을 활용한 건설 장비 주변 위험 상황 인지 알고리즘 개발)

  • Shim, Seungbo;Choi, Sang-Il
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.7
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    • pp.622-629
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    • 2019
  • Recently, the government is taking new approaches to change the fact that the accident rate and accident death rate of the construction industry account for a high percentage of the whole industry. Especially, it is investing heavily in the development of construction technology that is fused with ICT technology in line with the current trend of the 4th Industrial Revolution. In order to cope with this situation, this paper proposed a concept to recognize and share the work situation information between the construction machine driver and the surrounding worker to enhance the safety in the place where construction machines are operated. In order to realize the part of the concept, we applied image processing technology using camera based on artificial intelligence to earth-moving work. Especially, we implemented an algorithm that can recognize the surrounding worker's circumstance and identify the risk situation through the experiment using the compaction equipment. and image processing algorithm based on YOLO-v3. This algorithm processes 15.06 frames per second in video and can recognize danger situation around construction machine with accuracy of 90.48%. We will contribute to the prevention of safety accidents at the construction site by utilizing this technology in the future.

Sentiment Analysis of Movie Review Using Integrated CNN-LSTM Mode (CNN-LSTM 조합모델을 이용한 영화리뷰 감성분석)

  • Park, Ho-yeon;Kim, Kyoung-jae
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.141-154
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    • 2019
  • Rapid growth of internet technology and social media is progressing. Data mining technology has evolved to enable unstructured document representations in a variety of applications. Sentiment analysis is an important technology that can distinguish poor or high-quality content through text data of products, and it has proliferated during text mining. Sentiment analysis mainly analyzes people's opinions in text data by assigning predefined data categories as positive and negative. This has been studied in various directions in terms of accuracy from simple rule-based to dictionary-based approaches using predefined labels. In fact, sentiment analysis is one of the most active researches in natural language processing and is widely studied in text mining. When real online reviews aren't available for others, it's not only easy to openly collect information, but it also affects your business. In marketing, real-world information from customers is gathered on websites, not surveys. Depending on whether the website's posts are positive or negative, the customer response is reflected in the sales and tries to identify the information. However, many reviews on a website are not always good, and difficult to identify. The earlier studies in this research area used the reviews data of the Amazon.com shopping mal, but the research data used in the recent studies uses the data for stock market trends, blogs, news articles, weather forecasts, IMDB, and facebook etc. However, the lack of accuracy is recognized because sentiment calculations are changed according to the subject, paragraph, sentiment lexicon direction, and sentence strength. This study aims to classify the polarity analysis of sentiment analysis into positive and negative categories and increase the prediction accuracy of the polarity analysis using the pretrained IMDB review data set. First, the text classification algorithm related to sentiment analysis adopts the popular machine learning algorithms such as NB (naive bayes), SVM (support vector machines), XGboost, RF (random forests), and Gradient Boost as comparative models. Second, deep learning has demonstrated discriminative features that can extract complex features of data. Representative algorithms are CNN (convolution neural networks), RNN (recurrent neural networks), LSTM (long-short term memory). CNN can be used similarly to BoW when processing a sentence in vector format, but does not consider sequential data attributes. RNN can handle well in order because it takes into account the time information of the data, but there is a long-term dependency on memory. To solve the problem of long-term dependence, LSTM is used. For the comparison, CNN and LSTM were chosen as simple deep learning models. In addition to classical machine learning algorithms, CNN, LSTM, and the integrated models were analyzed. Although there are many parameters for the algorithms, we examined the relationship between numerical value and precision to find the optimal combination. And, we tried to figure out how the models work well for sentiment analysis and how these models work. This study proposes integrated CNN and LSTM algorithms to extract the positive and negative features of text analysis. The reasons for mixing these two algorithms are as follows. CNN can extract features for the classification automatically by applying convolution layer and massively parallel processing. LSTM is not capable of highly parallel processing. Like faucets, the LSTM has input, output, and forget gates that can be moved and controlled at a desired time. These gates have the advantage of placing memory blocks on hidden nodes. The memory block of the LSTM may not store all the data, but it can solve the CNN's long-term dependency problem. Furthermore, when LSTM is used in CNN's pooling layer, it has an end-to-end structure, so that spatial and temporal features can be designed simultaneously. In combination with CNN-LSTM, 90.33% accuracy was measured. This is slower than CNN, but faster than LSTM. The presented model was more accurate than other models. In addition, each word embedding layer can be improved when training the kernel step by step. CNN-LSTM can improve the weakness of each model, and there is an advantage of improving the learning by layer using the end-to-end structure of LSTM. Based on these reasons, this study tries to enhance the classification accuracy of movie reviews using the integrated CNN-LSTM model.

Evaluation the Output Dose of Linear Accelerator Photon Beams by Blind Test with Dose Characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD (LiF:Mg,Cu,P 열형광선량계의 선량특성을 이용한 눈가림법에 의한 출력선량 평가)

  • Choi, Tae-Jin;Lee, Ho-Joon;Yie, Ji-Won;Oh, Young-Gi;Kim, Jin-Hee;Kim, Ok-Bae
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.308-316
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    • 2009
  • To achieve the accurate evaluation of given absorbed dose from output dose of linear accelerator photon beam through investigate the characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD powder. This experimental TL phosphor is performed with a commercial LiF:Mg,Cu,P powder (Supplied by PTW) and TL reader (LTM, France). The TLD was exposed to 6 MV X rays of linear accelerator photon beam with range 15 to 800 cGy in blind dose at two hospitals. The dose evaluation of TLD was through the experimental algorithms which were dose dependency, dose rate dependency, fading and powder weight dependency. The glow curve has shown the three peaks which are 110, 183 and 232 degrees of heating temperature and the main dosimetric peak showed highest TL response at 232 high temperature. In this experiments, the LiF:Mg,Cu,P phosphor has shown the 2.5 eV of electron trap energy with a second order. This experiments guided the dose evaluation accuracy is within 1% +2.58% of discrepancy. The TLD powder of LiF:Mg,Cu,P was analyzed to dosimetric characterists of electron captured energy and order by glow shape, and dose-TL response curve guided the accuracy within 1.0+2.58% of output dose discrepancy.

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An Intelligent Intrusion Detection Model Based on Support Vector Machines and the Classification Threshold Optimization for Considering the Asymmetric Error Cost (비대칭 오류비용을 고려한 분류기준값 최적화와 SVM에 기반한 지능형 침입탐지모형)

  • Lee, Hyeon-Uk;Ahn, Hyun-Chul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.157-173
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    • 2011
  • As the Internet use explodes recently, the malicious attacks and hacking for a system connected to network occur frequently. This means the fatal damage can be caused by these intrusions in the government agency, public office, and company operating various systems. For such reasons, there are growing interests and demand about the intrusion detection systems (IDS)-the security systems for detecting, identifying and responding to unauthorized or abnormal activities appropriately. The intrusion detection models that have been applied in conventional IDS are generally designed by modeling the experts' implicit knowledge on the network intrusions or the hackers' abnormal behaviors. These kinds of intrusion detection models perform well under the normal situations. However, they show poor performance when they meet a new or unknown pattern of the network attacks. For this reason, several recent studies try to adopt various artificial intelligence techniques, which can proactively respond to the unknown threats. Especially, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have popularly been applied in the prior studies because of its superior prediction accuracy. However, ANNs have some intrinsic limitations such as the risk of overfitting, the requirement of the large sample size, and the lack of understanding the prediction process (i.e. black box theory). As a result, the most recent studies on IDS have started to adopt support vector machine (SVM), the classification technique that is more stable and powerful compared to ANNs. SVM is known as a relatively high predictive power and generalization capability. Under this background, this study proposes a novel intelligent intrusion detection model that uses SVM as the classification model in order to improve the predictive ability of IDS. Also, our model is designed to consider the asymmetric error cost by optimizing the classification threshold. Generally, there are two common forms of errors in intrusion detection. The first error type is the False-Positive Error (FPE). In the case of FPE, the wrong judgment on it may result in the unnecessary fixation. The second error type is the False-Negative Error (FNE) that mainly misjudges the malware of the program as normal. Compared to FPE, FNE is more fatal. Thus, when considering total cost of misclassification in IDS, it is more reasonable to assign heavier weights on FNE rather than FPE. Therefore, we designed our proposed intrusion detection model to optimize the classification threshold in order to minimize the total misclassification cost. In this case, conventional SVM cannot be applied because it is designed to generate discrete output (i.e. a class). To resolve this problem, we used the revised SVM technique proposed by Platt(2000), which is able to generate the probability estimate. To validate the practical applicability of our model, we applied it to the real-world dataset for network intrusion detection. The experimental dataset was collected from the IDS sensor of an official institution in Korea from January to June 2010. We collected 15,000 log data in total, and selected 1,000 samples from them by using random sampling method. In addition, the SVM model was compared with the logistic regression (LOGIT), decision trees (DT), and ANN to confirm the superiority of the proposed model. LOGIT and DT was experimented using PASW Statistics v18.0, and ANN was experimented using Neuroshell 4.0. For SVM, LIBSVM v2.90-a freeware for training SVM classifier-was used. Empirical results showed that our proposed model based on SVM outperformed all the other comparative models in detecting network intrusions from the accuracy perspective. They also showed that our model reduced the total misclassification cost compared to the ANN-based intrusion detection model. As a result, it is expected that the intrusion detection model proposed in this paper would not only enhance the performance of IDS, but also lead to better management of FNE.

A Methodology for Automatic Multi-Categorization of Single-Categorized Documents (단일 카테고리 문서의 다중 카테고리 자동확장 방법론)

  • Hong, Jin-Sung;Kim, Namgyu;Lee, Sangwon
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.77-92
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    • 2014
  • Recently, numerous documents including unstructured data and text have been created due to the rapid increase in the usage of social media and the Internet. Each document is usually provided with a specific category for the convenience of the users. In the past, the categorization was performed manually. However, in the case of manual categorization, not only can the accuracy of the categorization be not guaranteed but the categorization also requires a large amount of time and huge costs. Many studies have been conducted towards the automatic creation of categories to solve the limitations of manual categorization. Unfortunately, most of these methods cannot be applied to categorizing complex documents with multiple topics because the methods work by assuming that one document can be categorized into one category only. In order to overcome this limitation, some studies have attempted to categorize each document into multiple categories. However, they are also limited in that their learning process involves training using a multi-categorized document set. These methods therefore cannot be applied to multi-categorization of most documents unless multi-categorized training sets are provided. To overcome the limitation of the requirement of a multi-categorized training set by traditional multi-categorization algorithms, we propose a new methodology that can extend a category of a single-categorized document to multiple categorizes by analyzing relationships among categories, topics, and documents. First, we attempt to find the relationship between documents and topics by using the result of topic analysis for single-categorized documents. Second, we construct a correspondence table between topics and categories by investigating the relationship between them. Finally, we calculate the matching scores for each document to multiple categories. The results imply that a document can be classified into a certain category if and only if the matching score is higher than the predefined threshold. For example, we can classify a certain document into three categories that have larger matching scores than the predefined threshold. The main contribution of our study is that our methodology can improve the applicability of traditional multi-category classifiers by generating multi-categorized documents from single-categorized documents. Additionally, we propose a module for verifying the accuracy of the proposed methodology. For performance evaluation, we performed intensive experiments with news articles. News articles are clearly categorized based on the theme, whereas the use of vulgar language and slang is smaller than other usual text document. We collected news articles from July 2012 to June 2013. The articles exhibit large variations in terms of the number of types of categories. This is because readers have different levels of interest in each category. Additionally, the result is also attributed to the differences in the frequency of the events in each category. In order to minimize the distortion of the result from the number of articles in different categories, we extracted 3,000 articles equally from each of the eight categories. Therefore, the total number of articles used in our experiments was 24,000. The eight categories were "IT Science," "Economy," "Society," "Life and Culture," "World," "Sports," "Entertainment," and "Politics." By using the news articles that we collected, we calculated the document/category correspondence scores by utilizing topic/category and document/topics correspondence scores. The document/category correspondence score can be said to indicate the degree of correspondence of each document to a certain category. As a result, we could present two additional categories for each of the 23,089 documents. Precision, recall, and F-score were revealed to be 0.605, 0.629, and 0.617 respectively when only the top 1 predicted category was evaluated, whereas they were revealed to be 0.838, 0.290, and 0.431 when the top 1 - 3 predicted categories were considered. It was very interesting to find a large variation between the scores of the eight categories on precision, recall, and F-score.

A Study on Hepatomegaly and Facial Telangiectasia in a Group of the Insured (간종대(肝腫大)와 안면모세혈관확장(顔面毛細血管擴張)의 보험의학적연구(保險醫學的硏究))

  • Im, Young-Hoon
    • The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.110-132
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    • 1987
  • A study on hepatomegaly detected by abdominal palpation, and facial telangiectasia in a total of 3,418 insured persons medically examined at the Honam Medical Room of Dong Bang Life Insurance Company Ltd. from February, 1984 to August, 1985 was undertaken. The results were as follows: 1) Hepatomegaly was found in 383 cases(27.5%) among the 1,395 insureds of male and in 163 cases(8.1%) among the 2,023 insureds of female. The difference of incidence of hepatomegaly between all males and females showed statistical significance(p<0.001). In each age group, the incidence of hepatomegaly in :nale was higher than that in female. The incidence of hepatomegaly in each age group in male increased cnosiderably with age; it showed 11.6%,16.2%, 42.6% and 52.9% from second to sixth decade in order, thereafter in seventh decade it decreased to 26.7%, While the incidence of hepatomegaly in female increased slightly in each age group. 2) Facial telangiectasia was found in 318 cases(22.8%) among all males and in 157 cases(7.8%) among all females. The difference of incidence of telangiectasia between all males and females showed statistical significance(p<0.001). In each age group, the incidence of telangiectasia in male was higher than that in female, except of second decade. The incidence of facial telangiectasia in each age group in male increased considerably with age; while it increased slightly in female. 3) Facial telangiectasia accompanied by hepatomegaly was found in 235 cases(61.4%) among 383 cases of hepatomegaly in male and in 69 cases(42.3%) among 163 cases of hepatomegaly in female. The difference of incidence of telangiectasia between males and females show ed statistical significance(p<0.001). 4) Facial telangiectasia without spider angiomata accompanied by hepatomegaly was found in 201 cases(52.5%) among 383 cases of hepatomegaly in all males and in 67 casgs(41.4%) among 163 cases of hepatomegaly in all females; facial spider angiomata accompanied by hepatomegaly was found in 34 cases(8.9%) among 383 cases of hepatomegaly in all males and in 2 cases(1.2%) among 163 cases of hepatomegaly in all females. 5) Abnormal SGOT activity was found in 19 cases(7.9%) among 242 cases of hepatomegaly in all males and in one case(1.5%) among 67 cases of hepatomegaly in all females. The difference of incidence of abnormal SGOT activity showed statistical significance(p<0.001). The incidence of abnormal SGOT activity by the size of hepatomegaly, that is, palpated <1 finger's breadth, <2 fingers' breadth and ${\geqq}2$ fingers' breadth, revealed 2.2%, 6.0% and 60.0% respectively in all males, while abnormal SGOT activity was found only one case in fifth decade among 67 cases of hepatomegaly in all females. 6) In ordinary medical examination(the insured amount is low) abnormal SGOT activity was found in 7 cases(4.8%) among 146 cases of hepatomegaly palpated $1\frac{1}{2}$ fingers' breadth and under, while it was not found in 37 cases of the same sized hepatomegaly in all females. Above mentioned 7 cases are thought to be very significant because 7 cases occupy 35% in 20 cases of abnormal SGOT activity with hepatomegaly. 7) Abnormal SGOT activity was found in 12 cases(4.4%) among 273 cases of hepatomegaly of "not firm" consistency, while it was found in 8 cases(22.2%) among 36 cases of hepatomegaly of "firm" consistency. The difference of incidence of abnormal SGOT activity showed statistical significance(p<0.05). 8) Abnormal SGOT activity was found in 5 cases(17.9%) among 28 cases of spider angiomata with hepatomegaly, while it was found in 10 cases(7.3%) among 166 cases of telangiectasia without spider angiomata with hepatomegaly. Owing to a small number of cases, statistical significance was not recognized, but the incidence of abnormal SGOT activity in spider angiomata cases with hepatomegaly is apt to be higher than that in telangiectasia cases without spider angiomata with hepatomegaly. 9) The incidence of abnormal SGOT activity is apt to be higher with age in male group; abnormal SGOT activity was not found among 4 cases of hepatomegaly in second decade and it was 3.8% in third decade, 4.5% in fourth decade, 9.3% in fifth decade, 17.5% in sixth decade and 33.3% in seventh decade, while the incidence of it was only one case among 67 cases in all females. 10) It is believed that the performance of liver function test to the subjects with hepatomegaly even in ordinary medical examination(the insured amount is low) will give considerable contribution for medical selection of hepatomegaly risk. 11) Age of the insured(young or old), presence of facial telangiectasia or spider angiomata especially and their severity, and consistency of enlarged liver(firm or not) should be considered to increase accuracy in evaluating hepatomegaly risk.

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A Study on the Fitness of Adjustable Dental Impression Trays on the Chinese and Japanese (중국인과 일본인에 대한 가변형 치과 인상용 트레이의 적합성에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Han-Joong;Lee, Jin-Han;Choi, Jong-In;Lee, In-Seop;Dong, Jin-Keun
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.175-184
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Chinese and the Japanese. Material and methods: Initial design of the adjustable dental trays was developed from the results of the dental arch size of Korean adults. This design was applied to the CAD-CAM process in order to create tray model samples. Simple silicon-base molds were then replicated based on these sample models. Polyurethane injection into the silicon- base molds completed the process of creating a large number of test products. 60 Chinese dental students (male:30, female:30) from the Shanghai Second Medical University and 60 Japanese alumni from the Kumamoto high school (male:30, female:30) were selected for taking irreversible hydrocolloid impression with these trays. The width and length of the impression body were measured on several measuring points by Vernier caliper. The results were analyzed statistically to evaluate the fitness of the trays. Results: 1. Uniform impression material thickness was achieved on the Chinese and Japanese by controlling the width of the tray using stops and beveled guides. The material thickness was generally within the range of 3 mm to 6 mm. 2. In the maxillary tray of the Chinese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 6.2 mm, the canine was 5.9 mm and the midpalatal part 10.5 mm and the posterior palatal part 9.7 mm. These were relatively large values. 3. In the mandibular tray of the Chinese, average length of the impression material of the lingual vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.9 mm, the incisal teeth was 7.8 mm and thickness of the labial part of canine was 6.8 mm and premolars 7.0 mm. These were relatively large values. 4. In the maxillary tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 7.4 mm, the canine was 7.7 mm and the midpalatal part 9.1 mm. These were relatively large values. 5. In the mandibular tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.4 mm, and thickness of the labial part of canine was 7.4 mm. These were relatively large values. Conclusion: This adjustable dental tray shows good accuracy to Korean because it was designed by the analysis of the dental arch size of Korean adult model. With this result, it can be applied to Chinese and Japanese, we can take more easy and accurate dental impressions.