• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2009

The pattern of liquor consumers started to change as the well-being trend and great interest in health have risen for the last few years. In particular, consumption of wine is gradually increasing with the findings revealing that drinking proper amount of wine is good for preventing various adult diseases such as sclerosis of the arteries, heart disease and aging. Accordingly, this study aims at understanding the importance of wine buyers' choice attributes when buying and drinking wine in order to contribute to satisfying customers, popularizing wine and expanding its base. From December 1 to 31 in 2008, it made a survey on natives and weekly settled population living in Seoul area who had bought wine at a wine retail shop with literature and positive researches. It made an application of SPSS 12.0 to analyze the importance of wine buyers' choice attribution based on the demographical characteristics and use behavior with such analysis methods as the frequency analysis, the factor analysis, the reliability test, ANOVA and multiple regression. The results are summarized as follows. First, it showed that there are significant differences between buying and drinking wine by producing countries, buying places, prices, companions except for the number of drinking times, drinking places, and information sources. Second, it showed that wine buyers' choice attributes such as brand characteristics and effects on health have a positive effect on customer satisfaction.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between knowledge management and innovation, and the moderating effect of Convergence Federation in Small & Medium Business. In order to verify and achieve the purposes mentioned above, questionnaire data are gathered and analysed from 481 establishments located in Kangwon-do, Chungpuk-do, Kyunggi-do, Kyungpuk-do province and so on. Multiple regression and multiple hierarchical regression analysis are applied to test the proposed hypotheses: 1) the relationship between knowledge management and innovation, 2) the moderating effects of Convergence Federation's participation on the relationship between knowledge management and innovation. Empirical survey's findings are as follows; First, knowledge acquisition and application showed to be positively related with all innovation activities(organization innovation, human resource innovation, product innovation, and quality innovation). Second, Convergence Federation's participation strengthened the positive relationship between knowledge acquisition and product innovation, and it did also the positive relationship between knowledge application and product innovation.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-189
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• 2013

In the present study, batch experiments were carried out for the utilizatioin of activated carbon as a potential adsorbent to remove a hazardous malachite green from an aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as temperature, contact time, initial concentration on the adsorption system were investigated. On the basis of adsorption data Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model were also confirmed. The equilibrium process was described well by Langmuir isotherm model. From determined separation factor, the activated carbon could be employed as an effective treatment for removal of malachite green. From kinetic experiments, the adsorption process followed the pseudo second order model, and the adsorption rate constant ($k_2$) decreased with increasing both the initial concentration of malachite green and the adsoprtion temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like that activation energy, change of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were also calculated to predict the adsorption nature. The activation energy calculated from Arrhenius equation indicated that the adsortpion of malachite green on the zeolite was physical process. The negative Gibbs free energy change ($\Delta$G = -3.68~-7.76 kJ/mol) and the positive enthalpy change ($\Delta$H = +26.34 kJ/mol) indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption in the temperature range of 298~318 K.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-180
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• 2010

Rapid development of information technology has generated a new industry and market. In particular, network technology such as the Internet and other computer networks made transaction activities switched from traditional offline commerce to e-commerce. Among them, digital content is bit-based object which is created and distributed through electronic environment. In particular, many entertainment contents such as the music, the movies, and the computer game softwares are main products. Although digital content commerce has high potential demand, it lacks the consideration about the factor related to maintaining existing customer such as customer loyalty and switching costs. There has been a number of research on customer loyalty and other factors affecting it in the traditional electronic commerce environment, but there is a lack of research which examines the characteristics of digital content. The study about the effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce is necessary because the customers of digital content commerce market are from those of other e-commerce market or traditional offline commerce market. In addition, customer loyalty and switching costs are important factors because they may build up greater customer retention. For that reason, this study focused on examining the relationships among switching costs, antecedents for switching costs, and customer loyalty in online digital music service industry. The study has three major purposes: (1) to find antecedents of switching costs on digital content commerce and examine effect of antecedents for switching costs; (2) to identify effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce and examine moderating effects of alternative attractiveness; (3) to identify the differences of antecedents for switching costs by contents transmission type(streaming service and downloading service). And, the online digital music service industry is selected in this study since there are many users and transactions incurring. To accomplish these purposes, a survey questionnaire was developed and distributed to 256 informants. Survey instrument was developed based on previous research and pre-established survey items. Total of 206 surveys are collected and used in the data analysis. Among the respondents, 56.8% is male and 43.2% is female. Also, 86 responses were streaming service user group and 120 responses were download service user group. These data was analyzed using regression analysis. Major findings of empirical analysis can be summarized as follows. First, switching costs have positive effect on customer loyalty in digital content commerce environment. Second, the influence of switching costs on customer loyalty increases under conditions of high alternative attractiveness. Third, DRM convenience and breadth of use have positive effect on switching costs. The findings imply that the digital content provider should pay more attention to switching costs in addition to customer satisfaction in order to attract customers. Also, increasing the convenience of DRM use by securing the convenience of user interface and expanding the support device and increasing the service use scope by providing diverse value-added service helps to create a switching barrier. The result of the study can become a practical use in marketing strategy for maintaining existing customer. In particular, switching barrier is very important under conditions of high competition in the online music service market. This study can be used as a basis for further studies about customer retention in digital content commerce.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.278-285
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• 1993

This experiment was conducted to investigate the productivity in permanent orchardgrass grassland according to the urea fertilization levels of 0, 100, 200 kg N/ha and the animal excreta fertilization levels of 0. 40, 80, 160 kg N/ha on the basis of N contents respectively and NO$_3$-N content of the soil. The results were obtained as follows; 1. The productivity of grassland was significantly increased by the increase of the excreta fertilization levels until the urea-N level fertilization of 100 kg/ha but repressed and reduced by the increase to 160 kg/ha level of the animal excreta fertilization at urea-N fertilization level of 200 kg/ha. 2. Averaged seasonal productivity of the animal excreta N was decreased in first and third cutting time and was increased in second cutting time according to the increase of urea-N fertilization. 3. The increase of urea-N and animal excreta N increased the content of crude protein but the fertilization effect of urea-N was higher than that of animal excreta N. 4. The total yield of N was continuously increased at both of the urea-N and animal excreta N but the pure yield of N was decreased according to the increase of N fertilization and showed -63.1 kg/ha at the fertilization of the urea-N of 200 kg N/ha and animal excreta N of 160 kg/ha. 5. NO$_3$-N content of the soil of orchardgrass glassland established one year previously was no difference among the N variety and fertilization levels but was increased to the order of summer, autumn and winter. The highest content of NO$_3$-N was measured in winter with the value of 34.9 ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.509-515
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• 2004

Photodynamic therapy(PDT) has advanced to clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors and presents an alternative treatment option for tumors resistant to chemo-and/or radio-therapy. PDT is based on the combination of laser light of appropriate wavelength and energy to activate a systemically or locally applied photosensitizer that concentrates preferentially in malignant tissues. In this study, phototoxicity of laser EIT 21 was analysed in human osteosarcoma cell(HOS) and the second objective of this study was to determine the ability of laser EIT 21 to induce apoptosis. This study demonstrated that laser EIT 21 had a phototoxicity to HOS cells. In order to examinate whether cell death was induced by necrosis or apoptosis, variety of techniques which assess apoptosis were used. TUNEL assay showed only a few the positive reaction on condensed nuclei. It is hard to find condensed or fragmented nuclei on HOS cells irradiated with laser EIT 21 in Hemastat and AO/EB stain. By DNA electrophoresis, cells also did not show DNA degradation characteristic of apoptosis with a ladder pattern of DNA fragments. Apoptosis-related factors were analyzed by western blotting. The expression of p53 was constant and cells irradiated with laser did not show the caspase-3 and PARP degradation, therefore we suggest that p53 and caspase-3 are not involved in laserinduced cell death.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 2014

Eco-tourism has been recognized as a form of sustainable development that simultaneously satisfies the need for environmental preservation and the activation of local economies. Although some research findings relating to its positive environmental and social effects have been published, there is still controversy regarding its pros and cons in terms of its actual economic benefits, and little research about how they can be increased. Thus, the following research analyzes how the tour activities, attitudes and satisfaction of 314 actual visitors was related with their consumption behaviors, by surveying tourists to Suncheon Bay, a highly popular destination with a large number of visitors. The results are as follows. First, if the tourists were involved in a link-up tour, had prior eco-tourism experience, or had researched information on SunCheon bay eco-tourism before their visit, these were all positively correlated with consumption behaviors, and increased the amount of money they spent. In particular, among tour spending activities, accommodation cost is shown to be highly correlated with tour activities. Second, Free Independent Tourist(FIT) tended to show more positive tour attitudes than package tourists, spending more on accommodation and experience programs. The visitors to SunCheon Bay showed strong environmental attitudes, followed by social and cultural attitudes, and economic attitudes, in that order, and tourists with positive attitudes had a high rate of participation in experience programs. In addition, program participants showed a willingness to donate, and high satisfaction. Therefore, the following thesis proposes that Free Independent Tourist(FIT) should be induced to increase their contribution to the local eco-tourism economy, and highlights the need to develop various experience programs, aggressive advertisements and educational activities.

• Strategy21
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• s.39
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• pp.82-113
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• 2016

This paper analyzes the contents and the effects of the UNSC 2270, and its implications to South Korea's defense strategy and navy. The UN Security Council passed strong sanctions against North Korea which punish North Korea's 4^th nuclear test. The sanctions compared to the previous ones require international society to take practical actions such as comprehensive trade bans as well as diplomatic isolation which will put significant pains on North Korea. Especially, these measures would greatly hamper economic development policy of Kim Joung-un regime. Because Kim Jung-un regime has inherent legitimacy problems which stems from the third family succession of the power, economic difficulties may play an important cause on the regime instability in the long term. In fact, the United States sees this possibility as an option to coerce North Korea in which North Korea choose denuclearization for its regime survival. Nevertheless, the prospects of the UN sanctions are not so optimistic. Considering North Korea's willingness for nuclear development and its level of nuclear technology, North Korea will try to play a gambit with the US and South Korea by exploiting its strategic advantages. North Korea's response will have three following strategies. First, it would actively pursue political and economic survival strategy by using China's support for the regime, strengthening its power grip in the name of countering US hostile policy, and enhancing peace propaganda. Second, North Korea will accelerate efforts to position its status as a nuclear de facto state. For this purpose, it could create nuclear crisis on the peninsula. Third, it would exploit local provocations as an exit strategy to get over the current situation. In order to counter North Korea's actions and punish North Korea's behavior strongly, South Korea needs following strategies and efforts. It should first make all the efforts to implement the UN sanctions. Strong and practical nuclear deterrence strategy and capability with the U.S. should be developed. Effective strategy and capabilities for the prevention and deterrence of North Korea's provocation should be prepared. For this purpose, North Korea's provocation strategy should be thoroughly reviewed. Active international cooperation is needed to punish and coerce North Korea's behavior. Finally, South Korea should prepare for the possible occurrence of North Korea's contingency and make use of the situation as an opportunity to achieve unification. All these strategies and efforts demand the more active roles and missions of South Korea's navy and thus, nullify North Korea's intention militarily.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

The reason that compulsory removals of a low-quality housing redevelopment such as involuntary or unintentional migration present a problem for urban communities is that whether involuntary movers adapt themselves to their new home has an influence on the urban communities that surround them. Moreover, involuntary emigrants have higher probability of choosing faulty residential areas than voluntary emigrants do. This gives rise to a problem of another residential migration for involuntary movers. In order to solve these problems, there is a need for a new housing policy that enables original residents to come back to their old community. However studies for resettlement had not conducted subjects about housing redevelopment characteristics which influences the involuntary movers directly. Instead personal microscopic characteristics such as statistics of resettlement, the moving distance, the reason of moving, improvement of living environment, had been main subjects of farmer studies. So the purpose of this study is to analyze an analysis of the relationship between resettlement and housing redevelopment characteristics. The data used in this study was obtained at 47 areas designated by Seoul (metropolis) since 1990 for redevelopment. Cluster Analysis Is used for dividing high rate of resettlement with low rate of resettlement and Regression Analysis is used for the analysis of the relationship between resettlement and housing redevelopment characteristics. The results of examining the effects of a redeveloped housing complex on returning residents at 47 areas designated by Seoul (metropolis) since 1990 fur redevelopment are as follows: First, A housing complex with a high returning rate (remove-in rate?) has no state/public land, unauthorized building owners who are in the low-income brackets, and few interested parties such as union members. This is the characteristic of a redeveloped housing complex with a short-period project span. On the contrary, a housing complex that has a low returning rate is crowded by state/public land, and numerous unauthorized building owners, and interested parties. Second, According to the linear regression analysis, among the factors that affect returning residents, 'physical properties(characteristics) of a region', 'population properties within a region', and 'properties of a project span' indicate a negative(-)influence whereas 'properties of a complex density' shows a positive(+) influence. In a nutshell, the more the physical properties, population properties, projectspan properties, the lower the returning rate and the more the complex density properties, the higher the returning rate. In detail, an area with many small land and new/large buildings, a high population, and a long project duration has a low returning rate of original residents while an area holding large capacity and buildings with many number of floors (multiple-storied building) has a high returning rate.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of career uncertainty and career education on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention of potential entrepreneur in Korea. A total number of 381 potential entrepreneurs responded to the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics 22. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows: First, career uncertainty did not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. Second, career uncertainty had a negative(-) effect on entrepreneurship. Third, career education had a negative(-) effect on entrepreneurial intention. Fourth, career education did not have a significant effect on entrepreneurship. Fifth, career uncertainty had a negative(-) effect on self-determination. Sixth, self-determinism was found to fully mediate the relationship between career uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention. Seventh, self-determination was found to fully mediate the relationship between career uncertainty and entrepreneurship. Based on these results, it is necessary to expand and strengthen the scope of career education of students by lowering the uncertainty of career and reinforcement of intrinsic motivation through self-determination in order to improve student's entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. At the same time, institutional efforts to include entrepreneurship education in career education should be concurrently accompanied by efforts to improve self-determination of potential entrepreneurs.