• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2006

This study analyzes the seasonality precipitation using precipitation data from 1973 to 2001 over South Korea. The Seasonality Index and Annual variation of the Seasonality Precipitation were investigated from sixty-three observation stations. The Seasonality Precipitation means the degree of the precipitation falling intensively for some specific months. Spatially, precipitation that has a strong characteristic of regional shower is defined as seasonal precipitation. Precipitation forms are changed with various reasons and mainly the sporadic and local shower precipitation after rain spell in summer. Especially there appears a tendency that this kind of precipitation is sharply increasing in 1990's. Seasonality Index is used as a method to understand seasonal precipitation. If the yearly rainfall is concentrated for some specific months, Seasonality Index is growing gradually. It is confirmed that there is a tendency that all the from sixty-two observation stations Seasonality Index. While Seasonality Index over South of Korea concentrated from June to August because of the summer rain spell in the past ($1973{\sim}1982$), there appears to be a tendency that it concentrated from August and September since the mid 1990's. From the analysis of seasonal precipitation intensity distribution, most of southern Korea is under seasonality precipitation intensity 4. The seasonality precipitation intensity classification results are as follow: most of the observation stations were on a scale intensity of 3 and 4 in the past but currently reads seasonality precipitation intensities of 5 and 6.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2B
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

Assessing seasonality of precipitation is necessarily required to establish future plans and policies for water resources management. In this regard, a main objective of the study is to introduce an effective approach for assessing the seasonality of the precipitation and evaluate the seasonality through the proposed one. We have used circular statistics to characterize the seasonality on the precipitation in Korea. The circular statistics allow us to effectively assess changes in timing of the seasonality in detail. It was found that peak time on monthly rainfall occurred between end of June and early July in southern coastal area while the timing was delayed in northern part of Korea because of monsoon moving in from south to north. In case of annual daily peak precipitation, spatio-temporal variation of the peak time was increased. It is mainly because of geophysical effects, frequency and paths of typhoons. Finally, temporal variations on the timing of the peak seasons were evaluated through circular statistics by 30-year moving average data. The peak season in the Northen part of Korea (e.g. Seoul and Gangrung) has been moved back from early July to end of July while the peak season has been moved up from middle of July to early July in the Southern part of Korea (e.g. Busan and Mokpo). It seems that changes in seasonality are mostly modulated by variability in the east-asia monsoon system.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.237-237
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• 2003

Preliminary studies on the seasonal variations in abundance of stable isotopes were carried out on the snow and rainwater samples from urban area. Stable isotopes and other geochemical data as a tool for characterizing the seasonality and source of pollutants were examined in study areas, especially to trace the sources of sulfate in precipitation and to distinguish sulfates of natural and anthropogenic origin. (omitted)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.469-478
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• 2004

Atmospheric bulk (wet and dry) samples were monthly collected in an urban environment (Daeyeon-dong) of Busan over a year, to assess the deposition flux and seasonality of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) using stainless steel pots. Deposition fluxes of DLPCBs in bulk samples were determined using high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Particle deposition fluxes in the urban environment varied from 23 to 98 $mg^2$/year (mean 41 $gm^2$/year). DLPCB deposition fluxes in atmospheric bulk samples ranged from 0.09 to 0.77 ng-$TEQ/m^2$/year (mean 0.35 ng-$TEQ/m^2$/year). Seasonal atmospheric deposition fluxes of DLPCBs were high in winter and low in summer. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and DLPCBs in this study were comparable to or slightly lower values than those of different locations in the world. Monthly DLPCB profiles in deposition bulk samples were similar over a year. Non-ortho PCBs were higher contributions to the total DLPCBs fluxes than mono-ortho PCBs. In particular, PCB 126 had the highest concentrartion (>75%) in all deposition samples, followed by PCB 169 and PCB 156. A highly positive correlation was found among the deposition fluxes of DLPCB species, suggesting the possibility of that the DLPCB contamination originated from one source. The deposition fluxes of DLPCBs were not significantly correlated with temperature and the amount of precipitation even though the summer season with the highest temperature and the largest amount of precipitation showed the lowest DLPCB deposition flux.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.436-444
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• 2010

Objectives: Infectious diseases are known to be affected by climate change. We investigated if the infectious diseases were related to meteorological factors in Korea. Methods: Scrub typhus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), leptospirosis, malaria and Vibrio vulnificus sepsis among the National Notifiable Infectious Diseases were selected as the climate change-related infectious diseases. Temperature, relative humidity and precipitation were used as meteorological factors. The study period was from 2001 through 2008. We examined the seasonality of the diseases and those correlations with meteorological factors. We also analyzed the correlations between the incidences of the diseases during the outbreak periods and monthly meteorological factors in the hyper-endemic regions. Results: All of the investigated diseases showed strong seasonality; malaria and V. vulnificus sepsis were prevalent in summer and scrub typhus, HFRS and leptospirosis were prevalent in the autumn. There were significant correlations between the monthly numbers of cases and all the meteorological factors for malaria and V. vulnificus sepsis, but there were no correlation for the other diseases. However, the incidence of scrub typhus in hyper-endemic region during the outbreak period was positively correlated with temperature and humidity during the summer. The incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis had positive correlations with precipitation in November and temperature and humidity in February, respectively. V. vulnificus sepsis showed positive correlations with precipitation in April/May/July. Conclusions: In Korea, the incidences of the infectious diseases were correlated with meteorological factors, and this implies that the incidences could be influenced by climate change.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.735-743
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• 2012

Since the CBD(Conservation on Biological Diversity)'s 10th Conference of the Parties adopted the protocol on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing in Nagoya 2010, the importance of endangered species studies such as habitat distribution, protection and management have been more emerged. Corylopsis coreana, an endangered species in Korea, was isolated nationally and has been damaged by anthropogenic factors. In this paper, we identified the factors affecting C. coreana habitat at the national scale and regional scale using National Survey of Natural Environment and predicted the distribution of C. coreana. Annual precipitation, precipitation of wettest quarter, temperature seasonality and Digital Elevation Model(DEM) were derived as important factors at the national scale, and precipitation of wettest quarter, DEM and solar radiation on spring were identified as important factors at regional scale. Colylopsis distribution was affected by an effect of climate significantly at the national scale, and by additionally the microclimate and topography at regional scale. These findings will be used as the basis on habitat conservation and restoration plan and climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.17-27
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• 2012

Climate is generally accepted as one of the major determinants of plants distribution. Plants are sensitive to bioclimates, and local variations of climate determine habitats of plants. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors affecting the distribution of narrow-range plants in South Korea using National Survey of Natural Environment data. We developed species distribution models for 6 plant species using climate, topographic and soil factors. All 6 plants were most sensitive to climatic factors but less other factors at national scale. Meliosma myriantha, Stewartia koreana and Eurya japonica, distributed at southern and coast region in Korea, were most sensitive to precipitation and temperature. Meliosma myriantha was mostly effected by annual precipitation and precipitation of driest quarter, Stewartia koreana was effected by annual precipitation and elevation, and Eurya japonica was affected by temperature seasonality and precipitation of driest quarter. On the other hand, Spiraea salicifolia, Rhododendron micranthum and Acer tegmentosum, distributed at central and northern inland in Korea, were most sensitive to temperature and elevation. Spiraea salicifolia was affected by mean temperature of coldest quarter and annual mean temperature, Rhododendron micranthum and Acer tegmentosum were affected by mean temperature of warmest quarter and elevation. We can apply this result to future plant habitat distribution under climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.15-27
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• 2015

The objectives of this study are to analyze the quantitative ecological principal components of Korean Peninsula using the multivariate spatial environmental datasets and to compare the ecological difference between South and North Korea. Ecological maps with GIS(Geographical Information System) are constructed by PCA(Principal Component Analysis) based on seventeen raster(cell based) variables at 1km resolution. Ecological differences between South and North Korea are extracted by Factor Analysis using ecosystem maps masked from Korean ones. Spatial data include SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), Temperature, Precipitation, SWC(Soil Water Content), fPAR(Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation) representing for a productivity, and SR(Solar Radiation), which all cover Korean peninsula. When it performed PCA, the first three scores were assigned to red, green, and blue color. This color triplet indicates the relative mixture of the seventeen environmental conditions inside each ecological region. The first red one represents for 'physiographic conditions' worked by high elevation and solar radiation and low temperature. The second green one stands for 'seasonality' caused by seasonal variations of temperature, precipitation, and productivity. The third blue one means 'wetness condition' worked by high value such as precipitation and soil water contents. FA extraction shows that South Korea has relatively warm and humid ecosystem affected by high temperature, precipitation, and soil water contents whereas North Korea has relatively cold and dry ecosystem due to the high elevation, low temperature and precipitation. Results would be useful at environmental planning on inaccessible land of North Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2021

Background: As trade increases, the influx of various alien species and their spread to new regions are prevalent and no longer a special problem. Anthropogenic activities and climate changes have made the distribution of alien species out of their native range common. As a result, alien species can be easily found anywhere, and they have nothing but only a few differences in intensity. The prevalent distribution of alien species adversely affects the ecosystem, and a strategic management plan must be established to control them effectively. To this end, hot spots and cold spots were analyzed according to the degree of distribution of invasive alien plants, and major environmental factors related to hot spots were found. We analyzed the 10,287 distribution points of 126 species of alien plants collected through the national survey of alien species by the hierarchical model of species communities (HMSC) framework. Results: The explanatory and fourfold cross-validation predictive power of the model were 0.91 and 0.75 as AUC values, respectively. The hot spots of invasive plants were found in the Seoul metropolitan area, Daegu metropolitan city, Chungcheongbuk-do Province, southwest shore, and Jeju island. Generally, the hot spots were found where the higher maximum temperature of summer, precipitation of winter, and road density are observed, but temperature seasonality, annual temperature range, precipitation of the summer, and distance to river and sea were negatively related to the hot spots. According to the model, the functional traits accounted for 55% of the variance explained by the environmental factors. The species with higher specific leaf areas were more found where temperature seasonality was low. Taller species preferred the bigger annual temperature range. The heavier seed mass was only preferred when the max temperature of summer exceeded 29 ℃. Conclusions: In this study, hot spots were places where 2.1 times more alien plants were distributed on average than non-hot spots (33.5 vs 15.7 species). The hot spots of invasive plants were expected to appear in less stressful climate conditions, such as low fluctuation of temperature and precipitation. Also, the disturbance by anthropogenic factors or water flow had positive influences on the hot spots. These results were consistent with the previous reports about the ruderal or competitive strategies of invasive plants instead of the stress-tolerant strategy. The functional traits are closely related to the ecological strategies of plants by shaping the response of species to various environmental filters, and our result confirmed this. Therefore, in order to effectively control alien plants, it is judged that the occurrence of disturbed sites in which alien plants can grow in large quantities is minimized, and the river management of waterfronts is required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.289-293
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• 2012

강수량의 계절적 집중의 정도를 의미하는 계절성은 토양침식과 작물의 재배 및 성장, 댐 운영 등 수자원 관리를 위한 계획 수립에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소 중에 하나이다. 우리나라의 경우 호우사상이 대부분 4월부터 10월 동안에 발생하고 있으며, 특히 여름철에 집중도가 높은 편이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 강수의 계절성을 분석하기 위하여, 강수집중지수를 적용하였다. 강수집중지수는 1년 동안의 강수분포의 시간적 특성을 나타내는 지표로서 1980년에 제안되었으나, 국내에는 아직까지 적용된 사례가 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 6개 관측지점의 1957~2010년 기간 동안의 연단위 강수집중지수와 계절성 지수를 각각 계산하여 비교하였다. 연구결과, 강수의 계절성을 분석하는데, 강수집중지수가 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.