• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.374-386
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• 2000

This study investigated the relation between seasonal variation of total clothing weight, room, outdoor temperature and basal metabolic rate in man. The basal metabolic rate and total clothing weight, room temperature was determined seasonal for a period of two years and grouped four seasons. Subjects (adults volunteers) who live in seoul and mokpo were compose 120 subject The results were obtained as follows. Seasonal outdoor temperature was difference of seoul and. mokpo. But room temperature in apartments was a little difference than private house. Total-clothing weight is showed seasonal variations at the seoul, private house than at the mokpo, apartment.. The basal metabolic rate is suggested there in gender difference in the basal metabolic rate (P〈.001). The basal metabolic rate increased gradually with the peak of winter sespectively and deceased again todward summer. The difference of between basal metabolic rate in summer and winter was significant room temperature, of seoul and private house, and light total clothing weight.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1417-1430
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• 2015

In this study we were to explore the seasonal variation of water temperature distributions before and after weir construction at Gumi, Chilgok, Gangjung(Goryung), Dalsung in the Nakdong River using Landsat satellite images. Relationship between in-situ water temperature and radiance values of Landsat-5, 7, 8 satellite images showed high correlation. Seasonal variation of water temperature in Nakdong River showed that the fluctuation ranges of water temperature before weir construction were larger than those after weir construction. This indicated that the variation of water temperature is due to the difference of heat storage volume by weir construction and dredging work. In particular, the water temperature after weirs construction in autumn was 4-8 times lower than that before weirs construction. Water temperature after weir construction decreased in spring and summer at the downstream of Gumi weir and Gangjung(Goryung) weir, and the upstream of Dalsung weir. In autumn and winter, the water temperature after weir construction increased in the upstream and downstream of the whole weirs except upstream of Gumi weir. Relationship between water temperature and meteorological elements (air temperature, wind speed, sunshine, radiation) showed high correlation of above 94% in air temperature, and then radiation was high correlation before and after 65%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2000

The relationship between air temperature and sea surface temperature and studied using the daily air temperature and sea surface temperature data for 25 years (1970~1994) at 9 coastal stations in Korea. Seasonal variations of air temperature have larger amplitudes than those of sea surface temperature. The seasonal variations of air temperature leads those of sea surface temperature by 2 to 3 weeks. The anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature with time scales more than 1 month are more ghighly correlated than those of short term, with time scales less than 1 month. Accumulated monthly anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature for 6 months shwoed higher correlation than the anomailes of each month. The magnitudes of sea surface temperature and air temperature anomalies are related with the duration of anomalies. Their magnitudes are large when the durations of anomalies are long.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.676-685
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• 2003

Seasonal variation of the fishery resource in the shallow waters of Ganghwado tidal flat was investigated using monthly collected samples with a fence net from June 1998 to May 1999. Thirty-six species were found including 27 fish species, 6 crustaceans, and 3 molluscs. Of the fish, Konosirus punctatus, Sardinella zunasi Liza haematocheila and Synechogobius hasta dominated in the number of individuals $(92.1\%)$ and in biomass $(94.5\%).$ A few number of resident species, such as L. haematocheila and S. hasta, were collected only during the cold months. As the water temperature increased in the spring, the adult migratory fish such as K. punctatus and S. zunasi, were collected. In the summer, the juvenile fish recruited in the shallow water showing a peak in fish abundance. The data suggested that they grew until late autumn before moving to deeper waters for over-wintering. The principal component analysis showed that the seasonal variation in species composition was principally determined by water temperature and/or water temperature related factors. The species composition of the fish assemblage in the study area suggested that these species are highly adapted to extreme seasonal temperature variation and high water turbidity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

Cool island intensity urban green space was investigated based in Dalsung Park, that is one of the largest parks in Daegu. Cool island intensity(CII), which is defined as the temperature difference between the green space and its surrounding built-up areas, shows time variations. A through-year measurement(2008-2009) of ground level air temperature revealed seasonal variation and relationship to the atmospheric condition of CII. The temperature variation in the park and the reference downtown Daegu was as same order as CII. The noontime CII is larger in summer than that in winter due to the leaf fall of the park trees. On the other hand, seasonal variation of nighttime CII is not so clear. The nighttime CII was larger under the stable atmosphere.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2020

Muons and neutrons are representative secondary particles that are generated by interactions between primary cosmic ray particles (mostly protons) and the nuclei of atmospheric gas compounds. Previous studies reported that muons experience seasonal variations because of the meteorological effects of temperature. The intensity of neutrons has a typical modulation with various periods and reasons, such as diurnal and solar variation or transient events. This paper reports that cosmic ray particles, which were observed by neutron monitors, have seasonal variations using the daily data at the Oulu neutron monitor. To eliminate the effects of solar activity across time, the daily data were normalized by two different transformations: transformations with respect to the grand mean and yearly mean. The data after transformation with respect to the yearly mean showed more statistical stability and clear seasonal variations. On the other hand, it is difficult to determine if the seasonal variation results from terrestrial effects, such as meteorological factors, or extraterrestrial effects, such as the position of the Earth in its orbit of revolution.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 2003

The measurement of the radiation energy, trunk temperature, leaf area index (LAI), air temperature, vapor pres-sure, and precipitation has been conducted under a mixed forest at Kwangneung Arboretum during the period of 2001. Characteristics of the diurnal and seasonal variation of the radiative energy were investigated. The aerodynamic roughness length was determined as about 1.6 m and the mean albedo was about 0.1 The downward short-wave radiation was linearly correlated with the net radiation and its correlation coefficient was about 0.96. From this linear relation, the heating coefficient was calculated and its annual mean value was about 0.21 The albedo and heating coefficient was varied with season, surface characteristics, and meteorological conditions. The diurnal and seasonal variations of radiation energy were discussed in terms of the surface characteristics and meteorological conditions. In the daytime, during clear skies, net radiation was dominated by the shortwave radiation. In presence of clouds and fog, the radiation energy was diminished. At night, the net radiation was entirely dominated due to the net longwave radiation. There was no distinct diurnal variation in net radiation flux during the overcast or rainy days. The net radiation was strongest in spring and weakest in winter. The seasonal development in leaf area was also reflected in a strong seasonal pattern of the radiation energy balance. The timing, duration, and maximum leaf area and trunk temperature were found to be an important control on radiation energy budget. The trunk temperature was either equal or warmer than air temperature during most of the growing season because the canopy could absorb a substantial amount of sunlight. After autumn (after the middle of October), the trunk temperature was consistently cooler than air temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.E1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2005

Atmospheric concentrations of PCBs were monitored in Ansung-city, Kyonggi province during the 2001/2002 to characterize the concentration distribution and seasonal variation of particle polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Average concentration of particle bound PCB showed maximum value for penta-CBs and minimum value for octa-CBs. Seasonal contributions $(%\)$ of total particle PCBs showed the highest value in winter months and lowest value in summer month, This result indicated that concentration of total particle PCBs increased with decreasing temperature in the atmosphere. Therefore, particle PCBs were easily formed by the condensation of gas phase PCBs in winter months. The total particle PCBs exhibited an inverse correlation with temperature (p<0.01) which suggested that particle PCBs were easily formed by condensation of gaseous PCBs in winter months.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2000

The seasonal data obtained at National Fisheries Research and Development Institute from 1989 to 1994 were analyzed to investigate the seasonal variations of temperature and salinity in incheon coastal area. In the tidal flats covering from Incheon harbor to Sorae, the mean temperatures are higher, the amplitudes of flats, the mean salinities are lower, its amplitudes are larger, and its phases are later than those of outer tidal flats. These suggest that Inchion coastal area may be divided into two areas: the tidal flats from Incheon harbor to Sorae, which is largely influenced by the seasonal variation of solar heating, precipitation and evaporation and the outer tidal flats, which is slightly influenced by the effects of seasonal variation of salinity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 1999

This study investigated the relation between seasonal variation of clothing weight and its resting metabolic rate to determine the relation between proper living temperature and cold/heat tolerance. Thirty six subjects(18 males and females twenties) were composed to obtain the clothing weight(Total clothing weight) and resting metabolic rate for a year and grouped four seasons : spring (Mar-May) Summer(Jun-Aug) Fall(Sep-Nov) and Winter(Dec-Feb). The data of males and females were respectively divided into three groups by cluster analysis with clothing weight. 1. The resting metabolic rate of male(41.1kcal/m2/hr) was higher than that of female(33.2kcal/m2/hr). It is suggested there is gender difference in the resting metabolic rate(p<.001) 2. The resting metabolic rate of male and female was the highest in Winter. It is suggested there is seasonal variation in the resting metabolic rate(p<.001) 3. It was found that there was relation between clothing weight and resting metabolic rate. The difference of resting metabolic rate between Summer and Winter which is profitable to adaptation to living temperature was significant in light clothing weight in male as well as in female. 4. In comfortable sensation most subjects responded that he/she felt 'comfortable' except Winter. However the heavy clothing weight group felt 'a little uncomfortable' throughout all seasons. l In thermal sensation most subjects responded that he/she felt 'neutral' And then the heavy clothing weight group responded warmer in summer and cooler in winter than light clothing weight group. From the results it was confirmed that male and female showed seasonal variations in clothing weight and resting metabolic rate. Also the resting metabolic rate of male and female was influenced by the clothing weight. In short seasonal variation of resting metabolic rate was larger in light clothing weight group than in heavy clothing weight group. Therefore light clothing weight group is advantgeous in living temperature to improve cold/heat tolerance and it also shows that living with the light clothing weight may enhance the degree of adaptation to change of living environment