• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2018

In this paper, we review previous studies on the relative sea-level changes in the Yellow Sea during the Holocene to comprehensive understand the various research results. Currently, it is reported two theories : 1) the Holocene sea-level has never been higher than the present-day level; and 2) sea-level have reached highstand during mid-Holocene, followed by slow lowering to that of the present. The first theory yields a curve that is similar to a climate-change-related eustatic sea-level curve. However, in reality, most of the relative sea-level fluctuation resulted from land uplift or subsidence. The second theory yields a curve that is fairly coincident with a relative sea-level curve indicative of continental margins being located away from the ice sheets(i.e., far-field), and is considered as an effect of GIA(Glacio Isostatic Adjustment) and gravitational attraction. Based on detailed review of previous researches, we realized that they sourced the same papers, but obtained different results because they selectively chose and added the data. The data used to derive the second theory pertain to the northern Gunsan region, which is located within the western area of the Chugaryeong fault. Thus, we believe that the sea-level curve for the second theory is only representative of the area north of Gunsan, which is subject to GIA and tectonic deformation. Although the relative sea-level curve for the west coastal area is comparable to that for the far-field continental margin region, it is necessary to evaluate local tectonic activities as suggested by active seismicity in the west coastal area and the more than 400 faults currently existing in on the Korean Peninsula.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.953-964
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• 2023

Climate change is undeniably the most urgent challenge that humanity faces today. Despite this, the level of public awareness and understanding of climate change remains insufficient, indicating a need for more proactive education and the development of supportive content. In particular, it is crucial to intensify climate change education during elementary and secondary schooling when values and ethical consciousness begin to form. However, there is a significant lack of age-appropriate, experiential educational content. To address this, our study has developed an innovative 3D simulator, enabling learners to indirectly experience the effects of climate change, specifically sea-level rise. This simulator considers not only sea-level rise caused by climate change but also storm surges, which is a design based on the analysis of long-term wave observation big data. To make the simulator accessible and engaging for students, we utilized the 'Unity' game engine. We further propose using this simulator as a part of a comprehensive educational program on climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

Natural disasters caused by climate change are increasing globally. There are few studies on the quantitative analysis methods for predicting damages in the island area due to sea level rise. Therefore, it is necessary to study the damage prediction analysis method using the GIS which can quantitatively analyze. In this paper, we analyze the cause and status of sea level rise, quantify the vulnerability index, establish an integrated terrestrial modeling method of the ocean and land, and establish a method of analyzing the damage area and damage scale due to sea level rise using GIS and the method of making the damage prediction figure was studied. In order to extract the other affected areas to sea level rise are apart of the terrain model is generated by one requires a terrain modeling of target areas are offshore and vertical reference system differences in land, found the need for correction by a tidal observations and geoid model there was. Grading of terrain, coastline erosion rate, coastal slope, sea level rise rate, and even average by vulnerable factors due to sea level rise indicates that quantitative damage prediction is possible due to sea level rise in the island area. In the case of vulnerable areas extracted by GIS, residential areas and living areas are concentrated on the coastal area due to the nature of the book area, and field survey shows that coastal changes and erosion are caused by sea level rise or tsunami.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2021

Recently, as data mining and artificial neural network techniques are developed, analyzing large amounts of data is proposed to reduce the dimension of the data. In general, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) used to reduce the dimension in the ocean data and recently, Self-organizing maps (SOM) algorithm have been investigated to apply to the ocean field. In this study, both algorithms used the monthly Sea level anomaly (SLA) data from 1993 to 2018 around the East Asia Coasts. There was dominated by the influence of the Kuroshio Extension and eddy kinetic energy. It was able to find the maximum amount of variance of EOF modes. SOM algorithm summarized the characteristic of spatial distributions and periods in EOF mode 1 and 2. It was useful to find the change of SLA variable through the movement of nodes. Node 1 and 5 appeared in the early 2000s and the early 2010s when the sea level was high. On the other hand, node 2 and 6 appeared in the late 1990s and the late 2000s, when the sea level was relatively low. Therefore, it is considered that the application of the SOM algorithm around the East Asia Coasts is well distinguished. In addition, SOM results processed by SLA data, it is able to apply the other climate data to explain more clearly SLA variation mechanisms.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2010

Climate change recently causes rapid rises in sea level in Baramarae intertidal area and the rises present several socio-economic impacts to the affected area. We have assessed the vulnerability of the region by the rise of the sea level. Using quantitative GIS method on multi-temporal satellite images, we have first estimated the elevation (Digital Elevation Model: DEM) of Baramarae intertidal area and hence we were possibly able to identify the flooded areas under the IPCC SRES scenarios. As sea level rises by 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm and 60 cm, the estimated flooded areas of the tidal flat are 68ha, 85ha, 103ha, 121ha and 139ha, respectively. The most affected area is the tidal flat in Gagyeongju Village (Gonam-li, Gonam-myeon, Taean, Chungnam), because it has not only lower altitude but also, perhaps more significantly smooth slope. The potential affected areas are currently populated by farming of oysters and short-necked clams and therefore the areas expect significant economic loss by rise of sea level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2016

Sea water level variations are generally influenced by a variety of factors such as tides, meteorological forces, water temperature, salinity, wave, and topography, etc. Among non-tidal conditions, atmospheric pressure is one of the major factors causing water level changes. In the East Sea, due to small tidal range which is opposite to large tidal range of the Yellow Sea, it is difficult to predict water level changes using a numerical model, which consider tidal forcing only. This study focuses on the effects of atmospheric pressure variations on sea level predictions along the eastern coast of Korea. Telemac-2D model is simulated with the Inverted Barometer Effect(IBE), and then its results are analyzed. In comparison between observed data and predictions, the correlation of prediction with IBE and tide is better than that of tide-only case. Therefore, IBE is strongly suggested to be considered for the numerical simulations of sea level changes in the East Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2010

The global sea level rise has an effect on eco-environmental change by the inundation and erosion in the coastal area. Forecasting model on the change of morpho-ecological environments by the sea level change will give us information for coastal area management by predicting environmental changes of the up-coming future. This research aimed to foresee eco-environmental changes by the sea level rise in coastal area. Prediction model used SLAMM model developed to forecast coastal changes by IPCC scenario. The model predicted centennial environmental changes in the mouth of Han river and Nakdong river, Suncheon and Hampyeung bay as case areas. To sum up the research findings, in the estuary of the Han river, tidal flat was gradually disappeared from the year 2075, scrubmarsh and saltmarsh belts were developed. In the Nakdong River estuary, scrubmarsh was decreased from the year 2025, tidal flat was deposited from the year 2050, and also, the Gimhae plain was partially inundated, and wetlands were formed. In the Hampyeung bay, saltmarsh was deposited in the year 2025, tidal flat expanded until 2050 was partially submerged after that time. Tidal flat of Suncheon bay was disappeared by the inundation after 2025, and saltmarsh was developed in the embayment.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.277-291
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• 2012

Aquaculture is challenged by a number of constraints with future efforts towards sustainable production. Global climate change has a potential damage to the sustainability by changing environmental surroundings unfavorably. The damaging parameters identified are water temperature, sea level, surface physical energy, precipitation, solar radiation, ocean acidification, and so on. Of them, temperature, mostly temperature elevation, occupies significant concern among marine ecologists and aquaculturists. Ocean acidification particularly draws shellfish aquaculturists' attention as it alters the marine chemistry, shifting the equilibrium towards more dissolved CO2 and hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and thus influencing signaling pathways on shell formation, immune system, and other biological processes. Temperature elevation by climate change is of double-sidedness: it can be an opportunistic parameter besides being a generally known damaging parameter in aquaculture. It can provide better environments for faster and longer growth for aquaculture species. It is also somehow advantageous for alleviation of aquaculture expansion pressure in a given location by opening a gate for new species and aquaculture zone expansion northward in the northern hemisphere, otherwise unavailable due to temperature limit. But in the science of climate change, the ways of influence on aquaculture are complex and ambiguous, and hence are still hard to identify and quantify. At the same time considerable parts of our knowledge on climate change effects on aquaculture are from the estimates from data of fisheries and agriculture. The consequences may be different from what they really are, particularly in the temperature region. In reality, bivalves and tunicates hung or caged in the longline system are often exposed to temperatures higher than those they encounter in nature, locally driving the farmed shellfish into an upper tolerable temperature extreme. We review recent climate change and following environment changes which can be factors or potential factors affecting shellfish aquaculture production in the temperate region.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sea surface temperature as a climatic element and catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries in Korea using annual time series data from 1970 to 2013. It also tried to predict the future changes in catch amount of fisheries by climate change. Time series data on variables were estimated to be non-stationary from unit root tests, but one long-term equilibrium relation between variables was found from a cointegration test. The result of Granger causality test indicated that the sea surface temperature would cause directly changes in catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries. The result of regression analysis on sea surface temperature and catch amount showed that the sea surface temperature would have negative impacts on the catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries. Therefore, if the sea surface temperature would increase, all other things including the current level of fishing effort being equal, the catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries was predicted to decrease.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2008

In order to understand the variation of ENSO-related oceanic environments in the tropical and North Pacific Ocean, spatio-temporal variations of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) are analyzed from distributions of complex empirical orthogonal functions (CEOF). Correlations among warm pool variation, southern oscillation index, and ocean surface currents were also examined with respect to interannual variability of the warm pool in western tropical Pacific. Spatio-temporal distributions of the first CEOF modes for SSTA and SSHA indicate that their variabilities are associated with ENSO events, which have a variance over 30% in the North Pacific. The primary reasons for their variabilities are different; SST is predominantly influenced by the change of barrier layer thickness, while SSH fluctuates with the same phase as propagation of an ENSO episode in the zonal direction. Horizontal boundary of warm pool area, which normally centered around $149^{\circ}E$ in the tropics, seemed to be expanded to the middle and eastern tropical regions by strong zonal currents through the mature phase of an ENSO episode.