• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.973-976
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• 2006

The oscillations of the Caspian Sea level represent a result of mutually related hydrometeorological processes. The change in the tendency of the mean sea level variations that occurred in the middle 1970s, when the long-term level fall was replaced by its rapid and significant rise, represents an important indicator of the changes in the natural regime of the Caspian Sea. Therefore, sea level monitoring and long-term forecast of the sea level changes represent an extremely important task. The aim of this presentation is to show the experience of application of satellite altimetry methods to the investigation of seasonal and interannual variability of the sea level, wind speed and wave height, water dynamics, as well as of uplift of the Earth’s crust in different parts of the Caspian Sea and Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. Special attention is given to estimates of the Volga River runoff derived from satellite altimetry data. The work is based on the 1992-2005 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and Jason-1 (J-1) data sets.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 1979

The barometric factor is estimated at five stations in the Bay of Biscay from the linear regression between daily mean sea level and atmospheric pressure. The results show that the adjusted sea level change is important in amplitude in spite of the barometric response of the sea level to the atmospheric pressure. The cross-correlations between adjusted sea levels and the two components of wind stress suggest that the adjusted sea level is highly related to the longshore wind stress. The observed phase and the time lag between adjusted sea levels at adjacent stations aree consistent with the hypothesis of the northward travelling continental shelf waves.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

Seasonal and interannual variation of volume transport through the La-Perouse Strait were estimated using the difference of sea level observed at Krillion of Sakhalin, Russia, and Wakkanai of Hokkaido, Japan, during the period of 1975-1988. Historical sea level measurements between Russian and Japanese tide gauge data were normalized using an independent direct volume transport measurement. Volume transport from the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the Sea of Okhotsk varied from -0.01 to 1.18 Sv with an annual mean value of 0.61 Sv. Monthly water transport rates showed a unimodal distribution with its maximum occurring in summer (August) and minimum in winter (December-February). The annual mean volume transport varied from 0.2 to 0.8 Sv during the period of 1975-1988 with the maximum variance of 0.6 Sv.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.289-304
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• 1995

Time series of the relative sea levels at the selected tide-gauge stations in the North Pacific and historical aerial photographs in the Hawaiian Islands are analyzed. Long-term rising trend of sea level ranges from +1 to +5 mm/yr at most of the stations, which is primarily due to global warming and tectonic motion of the plates. The annual and interannual fluctuations of sea level result from the thermal expansion/contraction of sea-surface layer due to the annual change of the solar radiation and possibly from a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon associated with an ENSO event, respectively. Sea-level changes in three different time-scales (linear trend. annual oscillation, and interannual fluctuation) and their quantitative contribution to the shoreline changes as a result of long-term cross-shore sediment transport arc hypothesized.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2017

Global warming under the influence of climate change and its direct impact on glacial and sea level are known issue. However, there is a lack of research on an indirect impact of climate change such as coastal structure design which is mainly based on a frequency analysis of water level under the stationary assumption, meaning that maximum sea level will not vary significantly over time. In general, stationary assumption does not hold and may not be valid under a changing climate. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel approach to explore possible distributional changes in annual maximum sea levels (AMSLs) and provide the estimate of design water level for coastal structures using a multiple non-crossing quantile regression based nonstationary frequency analysis within a Bayesian framework. In this study, 20 tide gauge stations, where more than 30 years of hourly records are available, are considered. First, the possible distributional changes in the AMSLs are explored, focusing on the change in the scale and location parameter of the probability distributions. The most of the AMSLs are found to be upward-convergent/divergent pattern in the distribution, and the significance test on distributional changes is then performed. In this study, we confirm that a stationary assumption under the current climate characteristic may lead to underestimation of the design sea level, which results in increase in the failure risk in coastal structures. A detailed discussion on the role of the distribution changes for design water level is provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.461-473
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• 2015

Jinhae Bay located in the southern of Korean Peninsular is an important spawning area in Korea. By some preliminary studies it was measured several times that adult Pacific codes (Gadus microcephalus) were passed (swimming layer: 15 to 18 m) over a submerged sea tunnel (sea bottom: about 30 m) rather than another immigration route when the Pacific codes were tagged surgically with an acoustic transmitters and released inside of the Bay. There is a possibility that the Pacific codes and the other fishes use the route on the sea tunnel as an immigration route are affected by a human-generated underwater noise around the sea tunnel due to the sea tunnel traffic. On this study the 25-hour measurements of the underwater noise level by water layer were conducted with a hydrophone attached on a portable CTD and an underwater noise level meter during four seasons, and the acoustical characteristics of the underwater noise was analyzed. The mean traffic volume for one hour at the sea tunnel on the spring was shown the largest value of 1,408 [standard deviation (SD): 855] vehicles among four seasons measurement. The next one was ordered on the autumn [1,145 (SD: 764)], winter [947 (SD: 598)] and summer [931 (SD: 558)] vehicles. Small size vehicle was formed 84.3% of the traffic volume, and ultra-small size, medium size, large size and extra-large size of the vehicle were taken possession of 8.7%, 3.2%, 2.0% and 1.8%, respectively. On the daily change of the noise level in vertical during four seasons the noise level of 5 m-layer was shown the highest value of 121.2 (SD: 3.6) dB (re $1{\mu}Pa$), the next one was 10 m-layer [120.7 (SD: 3.5)], 2 m- and 15 m-layer [120.3 (SD: 3.5 to 3.7)] and 1 m-layer [119.2 (SD: 3.6)] dB (re $1{\mu}Pa$). In relation with the seasonal change of the noise level the average noise level measured during autumn was shown the highest value of 123.9 (SD: 2.6) dB (re $1{\mu}Pa$), the next was during summer [121.4 (SD: 3.2)], spring [118.0 (SD: 3.4)] and winter [116.5 (SD: 5.1)] dB (re $1{\mu}Pa$). In results of eigenray computation when the real bathymetry data (complicate shape of sea bed) was applied the average number of eigenray was 2.68 times (eigenrays: 11.03 rays) higher than those of model bathymetry (flat and slightly sloped sea bottom). When the real bathymetric data toward inside (water depth becomes shallow according to a distance between the source of noise and hydrophone) of the Bay was applied on the eigenrays calculation the number of the eigenray was 1.31 times (eigenrays: 12.49 rays) larger than the real bathymetric data toward outside (water depth becomes deep with respect to the distance). But when the model bathymetric data toward inside of the Bay was applied the number of the eigenray was 1.05 times (eigenrays: 4.21 rays) larger than the model bathymetric data toward outside.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2003

Oceanographic features around Korean waters related to the global change were studied by analysis of the longterm variation of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, sea level of the surface layer with 1$^{\circ}C$ temperature, spatial position of the subpolar front in the East Sea/Japan Sea (the East sea hereafter) and the Wolf Sunspot Number. With the global warming, the temperature of Korean waters has been increased 0.5∼1.0$^{\circ}C$ for 33years (1968∼2000). In case of the dissolved oxygen in the East Sea has been decreased 0.46$m\ell$/$\ell$. Year to year vertical fluctuations of the monthly anomalies of the surface layer with 1$^{\circ}C$water in the East Sea have predominant periods with 15years as the longterm variation of Arctic climate, 12 and 18years as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Spatial position of the subpolar front in the East Sea moved to northern part of the sea from the southern part of the sea with the increasing sea surface temperature. The relationship between the number of Wolf Sunspot and the anomalies of sea surface temperature was very closer after the late of 1980s than those before the early of 1980s in Korean waters.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.333-345
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• 2012

NOAA/AVHRR, Topex/Poseidon, and Jason-1 data were used to analyze sea surface temperatures and thermal fronts in the North East Asia Seas. Temporal and spatial analyses were based on data from 1993 to 2008. The amplitude and phase for the annual mode on SL and SST were investigated with harmonic analysis. The geographical distribution of amplitudes for comparison of SL and SST are slightly reverse in southwest-northeast tilted direction. The time series analysis conducted on the entire researched area presented consistent pattern. Peak of Sea Level was presented 1~2 months after the peak of the surface sea temperature was shown. This explains that Sea Level change occurs after the generation of surface sea temperature change in sea. The Sobel edge detection method delineated four fronts. Thermal fronts generally occurred over steep bathymetric slopes. Annual amplitudes and phases were bounded within these frontal areas.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2001

The environmental change during the upper Holocene was restored at Kimpo alluvial plain on the left bank of Han-river near the Yellow Sea according to the results of pollen analysis and carbon dating, based on the sea-level change from Ilsan area. Pollenzone I (5.8~7.0 m.a.s.l.) was the period of AP-dominance, including mostly Alnus. Study area was under the lagoon or swamp environment influenced by Flandrian transgression during 5,000~3,200 BP. Pollenzone II (7.0~7.4 m.a.s.l.) was the period of Spore & NAP-dominance. It represents that the vegetational environment was changed to drier condition by falling underwater surface caused by sea-level regression, and influenced by human activity during 3,200~2,300 BP. Subzone I a represented the characteristics of the climax of transgression. During subzone I b, herbs with the dominant Alnus were increased gradually, and it was correlated to the stagnation of high sea-level. Subzone II a was the dominant period of Spore by the gradual falling of sea-level. After that, the study area in swamp was emerged to the lowland by the fallen sea-level and herbs, especially Gramineae increased suddenly during Subzone II b. The sudden increase of NAP such as Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Umbelliferae with Gramineae during this period indicates the beginning of agriculture at this study area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.413-427
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• 1991

Variability of sea levels at Mukho and Ullungdo and sea level difference(SLD) associated with current is investigated. Time series of adjusted sea levels at both places have very similar pattern of change. Two components appear to contribute to the correlation between sea level and SLD. Low frequency thermosteric effect causes the sea level to rise and fall at the same time. Geostrophic effect of major currents is responsible for the sea level change in opposite ways at both sides. Two contributions have a cancelling effect for sea level change at Mukho while they are additive at Ullungdo. Characteristics of time series in frequency domain are divided into two parts with respect to 0.01 cycles per day(cpd). At Mukho, the cancelling effect yields small values of coherence for low-frequency bands whereas the dominant geostrophic influence may be responsible for the phase relations of about $\pm 180^{\circ}$ between sea level and SLD at higher frequency. Bimonthly dynamic height difference(DHD) between Mukho and Ullungdo is very significantly correlated with SLD. This result suggests that DHD thus the average velocity of current through the Mukho-Ullungdo section can successfully be diagnosed by the sea level records at both locations. For the annual variations, maximum SLD occurs at Mukho-Ullungdo section about 40 days later than the Korea Strait.