• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.712-736
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• 2022

To understand the characteristics of low-level clouds (CLs), environmental variables are composited on each CL using individual surface observations and six-hourly upper-air meteorologies around the globe. Individual CLs has its own distinct environmental conditions. Over the eastern subtropical and western North Pacific Ocean in JJA, stratocumulus (CL5) has a colder sea surface temperature (SST), stronger and lower inversion, and more low-level cloud amount (LCA) than the climatology whereas cumulus (CL12) has the opposite characteristics. Over the eastern subtropical Pacific, CL5 and CL12 are influenced by cold and warm advection within the PBL, respectively but have similar cold advection over the western North Pacific. This indicates that the fundamental physical process distinguishing CL5 and CL12 is not the horizontal temperature advection but the interaction with the underlying sea surface, i.e., the deepening-decoupling of PBL and the positive feedback between shortwave radiation and SST. Over the western North Pacific during JJA, sky-obscuring fog (CL11), no low-level cloud (CL0), and fair weather stratus (CL6) are associated with anomalous warm advection, surface-based inversion, mean upward flow, and moist mid-troposphere with the strongest anomalies for CL11 followed by CL0. Over the western North Pacific during DJF, bad weather stratus (CL7) occurs in the warm front of the extratropical cyclone with anomalous upward flow while cumulonimbus (CL39) occurs on the rear side of the cold front with anomalous downward flow. Over the tropical oceans, CL7 has strong positive (negative) anomalies of temperature in the upper troposphere (PBL), relative humidity, and surface wind speed in association with the mesoscale convective system while CL12 has the opposite anomalies and CL39 is in between.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 2012

The investigation was made about distribution and ecological characteristics of host plant for Phellinus linteus at habitats in Gangwon-Do. The habitats of P. linteus are the place where the fog is much generated and there is lots of the moisture. The flora of the vascular plants in P. linteus habitats were consisted of 76 taxa; 62 species, 10 varieties and 4 formas of 62 genera of 40 families. The plants of infiltration type were found 70% around P. linteus habitats. This results shows that the natural environments of P. linteus habitat is very stable condition. The categories of vegetation were classified into two types. The host plant for P. linteus appeared 61.6% from Populus tomentiglandulosa. The first type showed up above the sea about 600m and west exposure region. The second type was investigated around the facing north region of the steep slope-land.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.721-728
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• 2012

Marine traffic safety of the Vung Tau Waterway, from port limit to Ganh Rai Gulf, plays a crucial role in the economic development of the important triangular economic zone in the south of Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai Province, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province. This paper uses the IWRAP Mk2 program to assess marine traffic safety and shows that in the area there are three parts of fairway have highest risk of collision (from buoys No. 8-9 to buoys No. 1-2 of the Song Dinh fairway; from buoy No. 0 to buoys No. 8-9 and from buoys No. 6-9 to buoys No. 8-9A of the Sai Gon-Vung Tau fairway) and the two areas have highest risk of grounding (the Vung Tau coastline from Ganh Hao to Sao Mai and an area in the Ganh Rai Gulf). In addition, the result of a questionnaire survey on a group of Pilots shows that wind, current and rain/fog have considerable negative effect to ship handling of large vessels in this area. This paper's results will be used in the further research to discover solutions for improving marine traffic safety in the Vung Tau Waterway.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2003

The Strap Down Inertial Measurement Unit(SDIMU) is recently used for the sensor package of the modern underwater vehicles such as torpedoes and unmanned underwater-vehicles. For using SDIMU, an initial alignment must be carried out before the fire or navigation stage. The general initial alignment methods require that a mother vehicle Is a stationary condition or the Inertial Navigation System(INS) of vehicle is received the specific of data navigation from the mother vehicle. But an underwater vehicle dropped from aircraft is hard to satisfy above both necessary conditions of the general initial alignment. So, we suggest a new strap down initial alignment method of an underwater vehicle dropped from aircraft without using any aided sensors. The highlight point of this method is that a period of initial alignment is not before the fire but during running stage to fix alignment error. And we verify it by analyzing various data of S/W simulations, Hardware In the Loop Simulation(HILS) tests and sea trials.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2017

A railway rail will be corroded by the repetitive sea wind and fog in the splash and tidal zone such as Youngjong grand bridge. And these rusts of rail could be increased by increasing service period, and it frequently occurred the safety accidents or disorders in electrical problem. In this study, the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was proposed as a measures for reducing the corrosion of the railway rails in the oceanic climate conditions. As the results of immersion test using the salt water during four months, the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method using the aluminum anode(Al-anode) was evaluated that a distinct effect on corrosion reduction in the rails. Therefore the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was experimentally proven that a disorders in aspects electric and signal of railway operation condition such as direct fixation track system in Youngjong grand bridge could be prevented by reducing rust falling from the rail. In addition, the installation conditions of the anodes directly affect the transmission range of corrosion potential, the sectional loss of anode, and the corrosion reduction effect. Therefore, to expect the corrosion reduction effect of rails under the oceanic climate conditions for railway track, it was important to adopted the appropriate spacing of anode installation by considering the actual field conditions.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2012

가강수량과 구름물량의 시공간적 분포와 특성을 분석하기 위해 청주, 합천, 대관령에서 마이크로웨이브 라디오미터의 관측을 수행하였다. 각 지역에서 관측된 가강수량을 검증하기 위해 고층자료에서 산출된 가강수량과 비교하였으며 그 결과 상관계수가 0.8 이상으로 좋은 상관도를 보인다. 청주, 합천, 대관령 지역의 가강수량의 계절적인 변동과 일변화는 유사하게 나타났으며 일반적으로 1000 LST부터 증가하기 시작하여 1900 LST에 극대 값을 보인다. 반면에 구름물량은 지역적으로 계절적인 차이를 보인다. 이는 평지에 위치한 청주, 소백산맥으로 인한 편서풍 구름 차폐가 발생하기 쉬운 합천, 안개 및 구름이 잦은 대관령(834 m 해발고도) 등 각기 다른 지형 및 지리적 영향에 기인한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1153-1156
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• 2012

대관령 지역의 과거 38년간 (1972-2009)의 기상자료를 수집하여 최저한계온도를 추정하였다. 최저한계온도 출현 빈도 추정은 Gumbel의 극한치 확률분포이론을 도입하여 기온자료의 확률분포함수를 도출하여 이루어졌다. 그 결과 저온 출현일 빈도는 작물의 생산안정성과 밀접한 관계가 있기 때문에 조사하였으며, 저온 출현일이 앞당겨질수록 작물을 일찍 심어 안정된 생육을 유지할 수 있어 그 만큼 수량을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 대관령 지역에서 한계 저온 $5^{\circ}C$ 이상이 5일 이상 지속되는 날짜를 보면 4월 3일, 4월 10일, 4월 20일, 4월 28일, 5월 8일로 나타났으며, 한계저온이 나타나는 시기가 앞으로 당겨질수록 그 시기 (한계저온 $5^{\circ}C$ 출현일)가 출현할 확률이 작아지고 재현되는 기간이 길어져, 작물을 재배할 기회가 줄어들어 작물 파종 및 정식이 어렵게 된다. 따라서 재현기간을 순서대로 보면 50, 25, 10, 5, 2년 이었다. 기온 $5^{\circ}C$에 적응하는 저온성 작물 (배추, 샐러리, 토마토, 딸기 등)은 5월 8일 이후에 파종 또는 정식하면 대관령 지역에서 안정된 수량을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.197-211
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• 2004

Visibility impairment was known as an indicator of the increased air pollution. In many previous studies, it is known that both directly emitted fine particles mainly from vehicles and secondary aerosols from photochemical reactions could contribute to this visibility impairment in addition to the meteorological condition. Furthermore, the visibility showed different change patterns according to the geographical condition. In order to research into the influence of these factors on visibility, this study analyzed the visibility at 15:00, observed from 1990 to 2001 in Seoul, Ganghwa, Susan, Gwangju, Jeju. As a result, the visibility was increased in Seoul except the rainfall period, but in Susan, Gwangju, Jeju, it decreased with the relative humidity (RH). Especially, in Seoul, the number of low visibility days was larger than other sites and variations of the visibility were sensitive to the concentration of air pollutants, such as TSP, $NO_2$, $O_3$. The visibility impairment was mainly observed in meteorological condition of RH<50% and relatively stationary front. Therefore it is inferred that photochemical smog could lead to the low visibility in Seoul. On the other hands, in Ganghwa and Susan, when RH was 60~70%, the low visibility observed under the influence of the transports of air pollutants from nearby cities as well as humid air mass from coastal region. And in Jeju, sea fog and humid air mass caused the visibility impairment when the RH was larger than 80%. Finally, during the observational period, some cases of low visibility phenomena were simultaneously observed in the vast region including Seoul, Susan, Ganghwa. It not only includes the visibility aggravation by Asian Dust, but also could be caused by the movement and diffusion of flying dust or secondary aerosols. Moreover, the result shows that these phenomena could be mainly influenced by meteorological factors covering the wide regions.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1129-1140
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• 2018

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $O_3$, $NO_2$, CO, and $SO_2$). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (${\leq}4%$). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. $PM_{10}$ concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to $250{\mu}g/m^3$ for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and its major precursor gases ($NO_2$ and $SO_2$) were higher (up to $69{\mu}g/m^3$, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of $O_3$ and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.124-134
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• 2021

대한민국 대양섬 독도의 담수인 물골은 과거에 음용수로 활용되었지만 수질 악화 때문에 더 이상 음용수의 역할을 하지 못하고 있다. 2007년부터 물골은 바닷새에 의한 오염원의 유입을 차단하기 위해서 덮개를 덮어 보호하고 있으며 이는 매우 낮은 광도를 유지하고 있음을 의미한다. 본 조사는 2020년 5월, 6월, 8월, 11월 물골의 수질 평가 및 질소화합물과 미생물간의 잠재적 상호관계를 파악하기 위해서 수행되었다. 4차례 조사에서 물골의 염분은 1.39~1.57 psu의 범위로 나타났다. 또한, 낮은 부유물질량(범위: 0.8~5.1 mg L^-1) 및 엽록소-a 농도(범위: <0.01~0.49 ㎍ L^-1)와 상당히 높은 용존 무기 질소 농도(범위: 35.9~47.2 mg L^-1)가 측정되었다. 따라서 물골 수질 특성은 엽록소-a 농도가 낮으며, 영양분이 매우 높은 기수환경이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 독특한 물골의 환경적 특성은 빛의 차단, 독도 주변의 해무(또는 해수)와 많은 수의 바닷새 배설물 때문으로 판단된다. 한편, 물골 시료에 광노출(800~8000 lux)을 했음에도 불구하고 엽록소-a는 모두 <0.5 ㎍ L^-1로 낮은 값을 보였다. 이는 광도 증가에 따라 식물플랑크톤 생물량이 크게 증가되지 않았음을 시사한다. 더불어 용존 무기 질소 중 질산염이 >90% 차지하였고, 2020년 5월과 6월 광노출 실험에서 질산염 농도와 박테리아 개체수 간에 통계적으로 유의한 음의 상관관계가 나타났다(R=-0.762, p<0.05). 그러므로 독도 물골 내 종속영양 박테리아는 질산염 감소에 중요한 요인이고, 종속영양 박테리아와 질산염 간의 관계는 계절적인 차이가 있는 것으로 여겨진다.