• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.131-139
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• 2004

Effects of PbO on the repassivation kinetics and characteristics of passive film of Alloy 690 were examined to elucidate the influences of PbO on the SCC resistance of that alloy. The repassivation kinetics of the alloy was analyzed in terms of the current density flowing from the scratch, i(t), as a function of the charge density that has flowed from the scratch, q(t). Repassivation on the scratched surface of the alloy occurred in two kinetically different processes; passive film initially nucleated and grew according to the place exchange model in which log i(t) is linearly proportional to q(t), and then grew according to the high field ion conduction model in which log i(t) is linearly proportional to 1/q(t) with a slope of cBV. The cBV is found to be a parameter representing repassivation rate and hence SCC susceptibility of the alloy. The lower the value of cBV, the faster the repassivation rate and the higher the SCC resistance of an alloy. Addition of PbO to pH 4 and 10 solutions increased the value of cBV of alloy 690, reflecting slower repassivation rate than without PbO. The change in the value of cBV was grater in pH 10 than in pH 4. The increase in SCC susceptibility of alloy 690 with the addition of PbO to solution was presumably due to the Cr-depletion in the outer parts of passive film of the alloy with an incorporation of Pb compounds in the film, which was revealed by Mott-Schottky, AES and XPS analyses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1464-1467
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• 2006

Artemisia princeps Pampanini, which is named as Sajabalssuk (SJ-1) in Korea, was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and their antiallergic activities were investigated. When SJ-l was fermented with some LAB isolated from human feces, the inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 cells and antioxidant activities of SJ-1 were not affected. However, the inhibitory activity of SJ-1 against degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE was increased by LAB fermentation. Among the LAB tested, Bifidobacterium infantis K-525 provided the most potent inhibitory effect of SJ-1 against degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. SJ-1 extract fermented with B. infantis K-525 (F-SJ-1) potently inhibited the mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction induced by IgE with antigen, skin dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and scratching behaviors induced by compound 48/80. These inhibitory activities of F-SJ-1 were more potent than those of SJ-1. These findings suggest that the inhibition of SJ-1. extract against IgE-induced allergic diseases, such as rhinitis and asthma, can be enhanced by LAB fermentation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 2005

The antinociceptive effect of nicotine administered intracereboventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t) in several pain models was examined in the present study. We found that i.t. treatment with nicotine (from 5 to 20 g) dose-dependently blocked pain behavior revealed during the second phase, but not during the first phase in the formalin test. In addition, i.c.v. treatment with nicotine (from 0.1 to $10\;{\mu}g$) dose-dependently attenuated pain behavior revealed during both the first and second phases. In addition to the formalin test, nicotine administered i.c.v. or i.t. attenuated acetic acid-induced writhing response. Furthermore, i.c.v. or i.t. administration of nicotine did not cause licking, scratching and biting responses induced by substance P, glutamate, TNF-${\alpha}$(100 pg), IL-$1{\beta}$(100 pg) and INF-${\gamma}$ (100 pg) injectied i.t. The antinociception induced by supraspinally-administered nicotine appears to be more effective than that resulting from spinally administered nicotine. Our results suggest that nicotine administration induces antinociception by acting on the central nervous system and has differing antinociceptive profiles according to the various pain models.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2018

Recently, many researches regarding the natural products which alternate with chemical products have been done. Among them, boswellia is well known for effect on anti-oxidative effect and inflammation. The aim was the effect boswellia of formalin- induced orofacial and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain on experimental animals was investigated. Experiments were carried out using subcutaneous (SC) pain model and TMJ pain model that were induced by the injection of 5% formalin into the right vibrissa pad (SC, $50{\mu}L$) or TMJ ($30{\mu}L$) of rats, respectively. In both models, formalin (5%), formalin after distilled water (vehicle), formalin after boswellia extract (p.o., concentrations of 15, 30 mg/kg) (n=6). The number of scratching on the injected region was scored during the 9 successive periods of 5 min intervals following injection of formalin. Oral administration of boswellia (15, 30 mg / kg) reduced formalin-induced SC orofacial pain behavioral responses. SC orofacial pain behavioral responses was significantly reduced at 20~35 min. In the experimental group injected into temporomandibular joints, the pain response was significantly reduced by $276.2{\pm}8.20$ and $78.3{\pm}4.7$ after oral administration of boswellia (15, 30 mg / kg) at $398.3{\pm}24.8$ times. As a result of the passage of time, the oral administration of boswellia showed a significant effect of reducing the temporomandibular joint pain 30 minutes after the injection of formalin. This study confirmed that oral administration of boswellia modulated the pain behavior in both models. In conclusion, boswellia extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for orofacial pain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.120-132
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• 2009

Objective : Yukmijihwang-tang is one of the important medicines for blood- deficiency and yin-deficiency. Atopic dermatitis usually shows dampness-heat pattern in its acute stage and blood-deficiency or yin-deficiency pattern in its chronic stage. Therefore, I hypothesized that Yukmijihwang-tang is effective on atopic dermatitis and investigated the effects of Yukmijihwang-tang on NC/Nga mice's atopic dermatitis induced by DNCB. Methods : The NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis were divided into four groups: three experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were respectively put on 2.5g(YM-2.5), 5g(YM-5) and 10g(YM-10) of Yukmijihwang-tang extract per their weight once a day for 10 days while the control group was fed normal saline. After 10 days, I measured TEWL(transepidermal water loss), observed scratching behaviors, conducted a skin biopsy and checked levels of Total IgE, IL-4 and $IFN-\gamma$ on NC/Nga mice. Results : 1. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed skin dryness. In particular, YM-5 and YM-10 had better skin hydration than YM-2.5. 2. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed pruritus while there was no significant difference among the experimental groups. 3. Yukmijihwang-tang retained skin structure(epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat). 4. Yukmijihwang-tang reduced Total IgE level while there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups. 5. Yukmijihwang-tang did not reduce IL-4(Th2 cytokine) level. 6. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly reduced $IFN-\gamma$(Th1 cytokine) level. In particular, YM-2.5 and YM-5 had lower $IFN-\gamma$ level than YM-10. Conclusion : The results suggest that Yukmijihwang-tang suppresses skin dryness and pruritus, retains skin structure and is effective on chronic atopic dermatitis which is associated with Th1 cytokines in the immune response.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.911-919
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• 2017

Objectives: The baobab tree is a multipurpose, widely-used species with medicinal properties and numerous food uses. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of baobab on the formalin-induced inflammatory pain in rat model injected into the orofacial regions. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 260-280 g were used. Pain in the orofacial region was induced using two models, 5% formalin was injected $50{\mu}l$ subcutaneously or $30{\mu}l$ in temporomandibular joint (TMJ), respectively. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6); formalin, formalin after distilled water (vehicle) or baobab (150, 300 mg/kg). The number of noxious behavioral responses with scratching the facial region was recorded for 9 successive 5-min intervals following formalin injection. Results:There was no significant difference in the first response to the pain between the formalin induced group and the drug administration group. However, in the secondary infusion group, all of the pain medication were responded (Bao 150, 300 mg/kg) (p<0.05). Conclusions:The results showed analgesic effect of baobab on formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain. This suggests that the natural product is an effective alternative to the postinflammatory pain control.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.343-349
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• 2014

Currently, in order to resist the scratching of the fuel rod surface while fabricating the fuel assembly of the light-water nuclear reactor, we use a solution of nitrocellulose, an explosive material, as a dry lubricant along with its solvent. However, the demand for developing safe and harmless aqueous alternative materials for environment-conservation and field-worker safety has increased. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of a novel aqueous resin composite using a formulation of aqueous polymeric resin, alcoholic solvent, and water. Subsequently, we characterize this composite on the basis of hardness, adhesive property, and water solubility using plates similar to the fuel rod material. The insertion test of a fuel rod coated with the YS-3 composite shows load values of $18.8-20.5kg/cm^2$, which is comparable with $18.8-20.5kg/cm^2$ of the nitrocellulose coating agent. In addition, the depth and width of longitudinal scratches caused by the YS-3 composite test are 50% higher than those of the standard. We can develop a harmless and safe aqueous dry lubricant to replace the existing NC products through field testing of 264 pieces of fuel rods, after producing 350 kg of the YS-3 prototype. The scratch test for the rod surface showed that weight of chip of YS-3 prototype was smaller than that of NC before and after solvent treatment, indicating the properties of YS-3 prototype was comparable to the counterpart.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.284-295
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• 2012

Abrasiveness of rock plays an important role on the wear of rock cutting tools. In this study, Cerchar abrasiveness tests were carried out to assess the abrasiveness of 19 different Korean rocks. Cerchar abrasiveness test is widely used to assess the abrasiveness of rock because of its simplicity and inexpensive cost. This study examines the relationship between Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) and mechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, porosity, shore hardness of rock), and the effect of quartz content, equivalent quartz content, which was obtained from XRD analysis. As a result of test, CAI was more influenced by petrographical properties than by the bonding strength of the matrix material of rock. CAI prediction model which consisted of UCS and EQC was proposed. CAI decreased linearly with the hardness of the steel pin. Numerical analysis was performed using Autodyn-3D for simulating the Cerchar abrasiveness test. In the simulations, most of pin wear occurred during the initial scratching distance, and CAI increased with the increase of normal loading.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.8 s.185
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• pp.171-177
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• 2006

This study was performed as a part of the research on the development of a maskless and electroless process for fabricating metal micro/nanostructures by using a nanoindenter and an electroless deposition technique. $2-{\mu}m$-deep indentation tests on Ni and Cu samples were performed. The elastic recovery of the Ni and Cu was 9.30% and 9.53% of the maximum penetration depth, respectively. The hardness and the elastic modulus were 1.56 GPa and 120 GPa for Ni and 1.51 GPa and 104 GPa for Cu. The effect of single-point diamond machining conditions such as the Berkovich tip orientation (0, 45, and $90^{\circ}$ ) and the normal load (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mN), on both the deformation behavior and the morphology of cutting traces (such as width and depth) was investigated by constant-load scratch tests. The tip orientation had a significant influence on the coefficient of friction, which varied from 0.52-0.66 for Ni and from 0.46- 0.61 for Cu. The crisscross-pattern sample showed that the tip orientation strongly affects the surface quality of the machined are a during scratching. A selective deposition of Cu at the pit-like defect on a p-type Si(111) surface was also investigated. Preferential deposition of the Cu occurred at the surface defect sites of silicon wafers, indicating that those defect sites act as active sites for the deposition reaction. The shape of the Cu-deposited area was almost the same as that of the residual stress field.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.547-552
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• 2014

Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense MAX. (R. fasciculatum) has traditionally been used in Korea to treat inflammatory diseases. However, the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-inflammatory effect of R. fasciculatum is not completely understood. We aimed to ascertain the pharmacological effects of R. fasciculatum on both compound 48/80- or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of R. fasciculatum, we evaluated the effects of R. fasciculatum on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Treatment of R. fasciculatum significantly reduced compound 48/80- or histamine-induced the pruritus in mice. R. fasciculatum attenuated the AD symptoms such as eczematous, erythema and dryness and serum IgE levels in AD model. Additionally, R. fasciculatum inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The maximal rates of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 inhibition by R. fasciculatum (1 mg/ml) were approximately 32.12% and 46.24%, respectively. We also showed that R. fasciculatum inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Collectively, the findings of this study provide us with novel insights into the pharmacological actions of R. fasciculatum as a potential molecule for use in the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.