• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.439-452
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of STEAM program on the scientific communication skills and the learning flow of elementary gifted students. The main findings of this study are as follows: First, STEAM program that mathematical, technical, engineering and art factors were combined based on basic concepts of science were developed. Seconds, the change in the scientific communication skills of experimental group applying STEAM program had statistically meaningful difference (p<.05). Third, the flow of experimental class improved, but it had no meaningful difference statistically (p>.05). But it is expected that continuing level adjusted STEAM program might have positive effect on improving the flow with the following three reasons: 1) The gifted students' flow level on learning before experiment was rather too high to expect short term effect. 2) It was hard for them to achieve flow experience because topic difficulties and students' capacities were not balanced. 3) topic commitments and autotelic behaviors of gifted students were observed during classes. Fourth, by the result of the student satisfaction questionnaire survey on this program, students actively participated in the STEAM program with interest and curiosity. As achieved self-directed problem solving, versatile communication activities and success experiences, their class satisfaction was high. Based on such results, it was expected that the gifted class applied of STEAM program could enhance scientific communication capacity of the elementary gifted students and would further positively influence flow of learning as well. In addition, it was considered to have integrated approach value to elementary gifted and talented education in the aspect that it could satisfy various educational demands of gifted students.

• 인지과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 표층 언어 표현의 응집성 (coherence)이 과학 텍스트의 이해에 어떤 효과를 주는지에 대해 검토하였다 이 연구는 응집성의 강도가 과학 텍스트 이해의 정도와 관계가 있는 지 검토하고. 텍스트의 이해가 지엽적 응집성과 총체적 응집성의 관점으로 어떻게 설명될 수 있는지, 또는 다른 요인과 어떠한 관계가 있는지 조사하였다. 이해에 대한 응집성 강도의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 원인, 반복, 직시사 (deixis). 정박 (anchoring)등의 응집장치 (cohesive devices)를 이용하여 텍스트의 응집성 강도를 조작하였으며. 이에 대한 오프라인 처리 과제를 실시하였다 실험 결과, 응집성이 강한 텍스트가 보다 용이하게 이해된 것으로 나타났다 단락별로 분석된 회상 및 재인 검사의 결과에서는 응집장치의 종류에 따른 응집성 효과가 선택적으로 나타났다 이는 응집장치의 지엽적 효과가 일관적이지 않다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 보인다. 한편 텍스트의 주제가 얼마나 긴밀하게 연결되었는지 분석한 결과. 주제 연결 (topic continuity)의 긴밀성 정도가 텍스트 이해와 관련되어 있음을 발견하게 되었다 이러한 결과는 텍스트 이해가 지엽적 응집성의 선택적 효과에 의해 구축되는 상향적 (bottom-up) 과정뿐만 아니라. 텍스트 전체를 지배하는 하향적 (top-down) 과정에 의해 촉진됨을 암시한다

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analyse the problems of 'Science Inquiry Experiment Contest(SIEC)' which was one of 8 programs of 'The 2nd Student Science Inquiry Olympic Meet(SSIOM)'. The results and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. It needs to reconsider the role of practical work within science experiment because practical work skills form one of the mainstays in current science. But the assessment of students' laboratory skills in the contest was made little account of. It is necessary to remind of what it means to be 'good at science'. There are two aspects: knowing and doing. Both are important and, in certain respects, quite distinct. Doing science is more of a craft activity, relying more on craft skill and tacit knowledge than on the conscious application of explicit knowledge. Doing science is also divided into two aspects, 'process' and 'skill' by many science educators. 2. The report's and checklist's assessment items were overlapped. Therefore it was suggested that the checklist assessment items were set limit to the students' acts which can't be found in reports. It is important to identify those activities which produce a permanent assessable product, and those which do not. Skills connected with recording and reporting are likely to produce permanent evidence which can be evaluated after the experiment. Those connected with manipulative skills involving processes are more ephemeral and need to be assessed as they occur. The division of student's experimental skills will contribute to the accurate assess of student's scientific inquiry experimental ability. 3. There was a wide difference among the scores of one participant recorded by three evaluators. This means that there was no concrete discussion among the evaluators before the contest. Despite the items of the checklists were set by preparers of the contest experiments, the concrete discussions before the contest were necessary because students' experimental acts were very diverse. There is a variety of scientific skills. So it is necessary to assess the performance of individual students in a range of skills. But the most of the difficulties in the assessment of skills arise from the interaction between measurement and the use. To overcome the difficulties, not only must the mark needed for each skill be recorded, something which all examination groups obviously need, but also a description of the work that the student did when the skill was assessed must also be given, and not all groups need this. Fuller details must also be available for the purposes of moderation. This is a requirement for all students that there must be provision for samples of any end-product or other tangible form of evidence of candidates' work to be submitted for inspection. This is rather important if one is to be as fair as possible to students because, not only can this work be made available to moderators if necessary, but also it can be used to help in arriving at common standards among several evaluators, and in ensuring consistent standards from one evaluator over the assessment period. This need arises because there are problems associated with assessing different students on the same skill in different activities. 4. Most of the students' reports were assessed intuitively by the evaluators despite the assessment items were established concretely by preparers of the experiment. This result means that the evaluators were new to grasp the essence of the established assessment items of the experiment report and that the students' assessment scores were short of objectivity. Lastly, there are suggestions from the results and the conclusions. The students' experimental acts which were difficult to observe because they occur in a flash and which can be easily imitated should be excluded from the assessment items. Evaluators are likely to miss the time to observe the acts, and the students who are assessed later have more opportunity to practise the skill which is being assessed. It is necessary to be aware of these problems and try to reduce their influence or remove them. The skills and processes analysis has made a very useful checklist for scientific inquiry experiment assessment. But in itself it is of little value. It must be seen alongside the other vital attributes needed in the making of a good scientist, the affective aspects of commitment and confidence, the personal insights which come both through formal and informal learning, and the tacit knowledge that comes through experience, both structured and acquired in play. These four aspects must be continually interacting, in a flexible and individualistic way, throughout the scientific education of students. An increasing ability to be good at science, to be good at doing investigational practical work, will be gained through continually, successively, but often unpredictably, developing more experience, developing more insights, developing more skills, and producing more confidence and commitment.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.173-186
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• 2019

이 연구는 과학 활동의 인식론적 논제에 초점을 둔 탐구 실험을 설계 및 시범 적용하고, 실험 활동과 반성적 논의를 분석하여 교육적 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 사범대학 과학교육과에 소속된 대학원생 3명이 자발적으로 연구에 참여하였다. 연구참여자들은 실험 1에서 안정적 탐구의 특징을 보여주었지만, 실험 2의 작지만 지속적인 변화는 실험을 새로운 설명체계를 찾는 유동적 탐구의 국면으로 이끌었다. 연구참여자들은 여러 가지 밑천을 동원해서 새로운 가설과 모형을 제안하고, 이를 검증할 추가 실험을 요청하였다. 반성적 논의과정에서 연구참여자들은 다음과 같은 세 가지 인식론적 논제를 이끌어 냈다. 첫째, 실험 초기에 자신의 관찰이 이론 의존적이었다. 둘째, 관찰사항이 더 이상 이론에 의존할 수 없는 위기 국면에 봉착하면 관찰과 이론의 조정이 진행된다. 셋째로 관찰과 이론의 관계에 따라 안정적 탐구나 유동적 탐구가 수행된다. 이상의 연구 과정과 결과를 토대로 도출된 예비교사 교육의 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 연구에서는 안정적 탐구에 뒤이어 유동적 탐구가 자발적으로 진행 될 수 있음을 보였으며 그 활동의 예시를 함께 제시하였다. 둘째, 이 연구에서는 탐구에 뒤따른 반성적 논의를 통해 연구참여자들이 자신의 경험에 기반하여 인식론적 논제를 이끌어 낼 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

For a fire cause judgement this paper describes the short circuit characteristics of a electric wire through the cross section analysis under ac condition. The cower wires prepared for the experiment were 1.2mm, 1.6mm, and 2.0mm in diameter. Through the cross section analysis(CSA), it was confirmed that the dendrite structure grew at the angle of about $40^{\circ}\;or\;60^{\circ}$ when the fusing current was applied to the wires. The larger the fusing current is, the more decreased the growth angle of the dendrite structure is. It was confirmed that the dendrite structure was arranged like the columnar structure. In this paper, the characteristics analysis of short circuit was carried out in the range of transient duration and the correlation constant k was investigated by measuring the short circuit duration and the fusing current.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2013

Statistics is the science of data. As the foundation of scientific knowledge, data refers to evidentiary facts from the nature of reality by human action, observation, or experiment. Clinicians should be aware of the conditions of good data to support the validity of clinical modalities in reading scientific articles, one of the resources to revise or update their clinical knowledge and skills. The cause-effect link between clinical modality and outcome is ascertained as pattern statistic. The uniformity of nature guarantees the recurrence of data as the basic scientific evidence. Variation statistics are examined for patterns of recurrence. This provides information on the probability of recurrence of the cause-effect phenomenon. Multiple causal factors of natural phenomenon need a counterproof of absence in terms of the control group. A pattern of relation between a causal factor and an effect becomes recognizable, and thus, should be estimated as relation statistic. The type and meaning of each relation statistic should be well-understood. A study regarding a sample from the population of wide variations require clinicians to be aware of error statistics due to random chance. Incomplete human sense, coarse measurement instrument, and preconceived idea as a hypothesis that tends to bias the research, which gives rise to the necessity of keen critical independent mind with regard to the reported data.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.385-407
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• 2002

The planning of any experiment or trial involving the use of animal (material) requires the most detailed and careful consideration of the wide variety of species and strains that are now available. Unfortunately, although many research workers carefully define their requirements with respect to chemicals or complicated laboratory equipment, often they appear to be unaware of the specifications that should be similarly applied to laboratory animals and end up simply asking for a white mouse！ The aim of any user of laboratory animals should be to achieve maximum accuracy with the minimum number of animals, and it is, therefore, essential that careful consideration should be given to the choice of the animal(Bleby J, 1987). The first step when selecting an experimental animal is to specify the type needed, taking into account the following factors: 1. species, 2. breed or strain, and 3. quality, especially with respect to health and genetical status. The correct choice of species cannot be emphasized too strongly and failure to do so can sometimes have dire consequences, frequently very expensive in financial terms and sometimes extremely tragic in manifestations of human and animal suffering. In this paper, we reorganized a lot of collected articles described previously for common and scientific names of amphibians, domestic animals, birds, invertebrates, mammals, reptiles, and aquaculture as mentioned in the text.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.23-42
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• 2006

This study is about gilt bronze ornament, that is from Deok Cheon-Ri in Gyeong Ju, of conservation treatment process and of scientific analysis. This relic gathered with soil around the relic by Polyurethane foam. While the relic got rid of soil, Took X-rays. As the result, we decided to process reconstruction as condition that the relic was dug up. After the conservation treatment processed, we made a frame to display the relic. Investigated manufacture techniques of the relic after the conservation treatment processed, and thenexecuted scientific analysis of the relic for a chemical experiment. A analysis of the results of components for composition layers using the SEM-EDS can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, the average contents of outer, inner and body corrosion layer have a Cu-60.9~39.3wt% and analyzed a little impurities material which is Fe-0.5wt%.Secondly, the average contents of body have a Cu-99.7wt% which was using manufactured by pure copper. Thirdly, gold layer have a mercury of 9.5wt% which indicate that layer was manufactured by mercury amalgam gilding technique.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.960-966
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• 2021

A technical approach to design and carry out an experiment to determine the uptake of selected radionuclides in site-specific conditions in Kuwait was developed and successfully executed for developing a radioecological decision support system. The radionuclides from soil-to-plant transfer factors have been obtained for leafy and non-leafy vegetables, and root crops cultivated in Kuwait. Two types of vegetated soils were selected and spiked with high concentrations of three relatively short-lived selected radionuclides (⁸⁵Sr, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³³Ba). The highest strontium and barium transfer factors were found in the order: leafy vegetables > root crops > non-leafy vegetables. The approximate range of radiocesium transfer factor was found to be low in all plant groups and was comparable to those reported elsewhere in different soil types of temperate and tropical environments. A strong negative correlation between the obtained transfer factors and the distribution coefficient of the radionuclide in soil was found. It is recommended to adopt the newly derived parameters for the sensitive areas in Kuwait and other Gulf countries instead of using the generic parameters, whenever dose calculation codes are used. This will help to more accurately assess and predict the end results of the committed effective dose equivalent through ingestion pathway.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1033-1053
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• 2011

본 연구는 역사적 발견을 이루어낸 과학자 가운데 멘델(Mendel, Gregor Johann, 1822-1884)의 과학적 사고과정을 활용하여 과학영재교육프로그램을 개발하고, 이 프로그램을 학습한 학생들의 문제발견 및 가설설정 능력의 변화를 측정하여, 프로그램의 효과성을 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 먼저, 멘델이 유전법칙을 확립하는 과정에서 나타낸 과학적 사고과정을 분석하여 특징적 탐구요소를 추출하였다. 추출된 탐구요소 가운데 문제발견과 가설설정을 적용한 프로그램으로서 완두를 활용한 모의실험탐구중심의 과학영재교육프로그램을 개발하였다. 개발한 과학영재교육프로그램은 대학교 부설 과학영재교육원 소속 중학교 1, 2학년 학생 19명(남학생 11명, 여학생 8명)을 대상으로 적용되었다. 적용한 결과, 학생들은 문제발견 능력의 하위요소 융통성, 정교성, 독창성이 신장되었고, 가설설정 능력의 논리성도 신장되었다. 이에 개발된 과학영재교육프로그램은 중학교 과학영재로 선발된 학생들의 문제발견 및 가설 설정 능력을 향상시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 고찰되었다.