• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.538-555
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{2.5}$ chemical characteristics on the Suwon/Yongin area and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{2.5}$ source contributions. The $PM_{2.5}$ sampling was carried out by a high-volume air sampler at the Kyung Hee University-Global Campus from November, 2010 to October, 2011. The 40 chemical species were then analyzed by using ICP-AES(Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V and Zn), IC ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$), DRI/OGC (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) and GC-FID (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a] pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and dibenzo[a,h,]anthracene). When applying PMF model after performing proper data treatment, a total of 10 sources was identified and their contributions were quantitatively estimated. The average contribution to $PM_{2.5}$ emitted from each source was determined as follows; 26.3% from secondary aerosol source, 15.5% from soil and road dust emission, 15.3% from vehicle emission, 15.3% from illegal biomass burning, 12.2% from incineration, 7.2% from oil combustion source, 4.9% from industrial related source, and finally 3.2% from coal combustion source. In this study we used the ratios of PAHs concentration as markers to double check whether the sources were reasonably classified or not. Finally we provided basic information on the major $PM_{2.5}$ sources in order to improve the air quality in the study area.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.321-329
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• 2015

This study investigates effects of hardware and telecommunication and software service divided by ICT service on each 5 transportations to explore convergence of ICT and Transportation. Research models are production inducing effects, Added Value inducing effects of Demand-Driven model and Shortage cost effects of Supply-Driven model by using data for 2010~2012 of Input-Output Table. Results are that network and software service effects are more impact than hardware effects on transportations. Especially, hardware is impacted heavily on production inducing effect, telecommunications and software services has had a significant impact on the production inducing effect and Shortage cost effects. In addition, by each detail the transportation industries, packages and other transport and road transport is influenced greatly from ICT. On the other hand, rail and water transport are relatively lower impact by ICT, However, the effects of rail and water transport by ICT is grater than investment ratio of ICT. As a result, increasing investment in the ICT services could contribute to development of rail and water transport development.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 2017

Recently, the IoT (Internet of Things) environment is being developed rapidly through network which is linked to intellectual objects. Through the IoT, it is possible for human to intercommunicate with objects and objects to objects. Also, the IoT provides artificial intelligent service mixed with knowledge of situational awareness. One of the industries based on the IoT is a car industry. Nowadays, a self-driving vehicle which is not only fuel-efficient, smooth for traffic, but also puts top priority on eventual safety for humans became the most important conversation topic. Since several years ago, a research on the recognition of the surrounding environment for self-driving vehicles using sensors, lidar, camera, and radar techniques has been progressed actively. Currently, based on the WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment), the research is being boosted by forming networking between vehicles, vehicle and infrastructures. In this paper, a research on the recognition of a traffic signs on highway was processed as a part of the awareness of the surrounding environment for self-driving vehicles. Through the traffic signs which have features of fixed standard and installation location, we provided a learning theory and a corresponding results of experiment about the way that a vehicle is aware of traffic signs and additional informations on it.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1287-1295
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• 2015

This research is the study on the comparative evaluation of SPC (Staggered Pedestrian Crossings) vs PC (Pedestrian Crossings) using risk analysis. Accident factor was elicited by survey of driver's and pedestrian's at SPC & PC. I estimated the weight of a risk of violation and a mental burden by AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and compared degree of risk at SPC AND PC. In conclusion, a new alternative plan of a pedestrian crossing system, staggered pedestrian crossing which plays an important role in traffic flow, pedestrian's crossings which plats an important role in traffic flow, pedestrian's convenience and traffic safer is sager than pedestrian crossings the degree of risk used this study doesn't imply an measure of the number of accident and the rate of accident, in estimating the degree of risk of pedestrian crossings, we should analyze more data of accident, behaviors, and road circumstance to include driver's and pedestrian's violation behavior in an estimate index.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1991

Pentoxifylline (PENTO) has been known to improve RBC fluidity, and thus improve the flux of RBC through narrow capillaries. Additionally, PENTO also decreases the $O_2$ affinity of hemoglobin by increasing 2,3-DPG levels, thereby increasing the $O_2$ release from RBC. Nicotinamide (NA) has been reported to decrease the number of acutely hypoxic cells in tumors by temporarily increasing tumor blood flow. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether the combination of PENTO and NA (PENTO+NA) would reduce the radioresistance of the Fsall murine fibrosarcoma by oxygenating the hypoxic cells. We obsewed a significantly enhanced radiation-induced growth delay of the FSaII tumors by PENTO+NA. Thus the enhancement ratio was between 2.5 and 2.8 in growth delay assay. The $TCD_{50}$ of control tumors was about 57 Gy, but that of PENTO+NA treated tumors was about 32Gy. Thus $TCD_{50}$ was modified by a factor of 1.8. We also observed that PENTO+NA exerted no effect on the radiation-induced skin damage after the legs without bearing tumors were exposed to X-irradiation. In order to clarify radiosensitizing effects of PENTO+ NA, changes in tumor blood flow and intratumor pOf were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and $O_2$ microelectrode methods. The tumor blood flow significantly increased at 10 min. after injection of PENTO+ NA. Furthermore, we also found that PENTO+ NA significantly increased intratumor $pO_2$ from 8 to 19 mmHg. We concluded that PENTO+MA was far more effective than NA alone or PENTO alone. The increase in the response of tumors in vivo to X-irradiation appeared to be due mainly to an increase in the tumor oxygenation. Further studies using various concentrations of PENTO alone and in combination with NA to obtain better sequencing and maximal radiosensitization are warranted.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.62
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• pp.244-263
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• 2013

There have been enormous social impacts on many areas, including science journalism, since the so-called "Hwang Woo Suk" incident. Although wide demand for better science journalism has been aroused since then, but it is hard to find an evidence to prove we have reached the point. This study examines how major Korean newspapers report Unidentified Flying Objects in order to test if the level of science journalism had been elevated. As results, still it is a long road ahead to achieve the goals because most reports were taken from the international news agents or from the witnesses rather than scientific researches and analyses; terminologies used in the stories were ambiguous; follow-up stories were rare, the sources were usually pseudo-scientific, wanton errors in basic facts and coherence, and other problems were found. It could be suggested that the dependency on supplied news to be reduced, journalists who understand both science and journalism are required, inner regulations on science reporting to be established, correct quotations and fact-checks to be accomplished, fairness to be maintained within the boundary of normal science.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2017

This study was designed to evaluate the age, gender, location of trauma, etiology, injury site, types of treatment, elapsed time after trauma, and arrival time of children who visited trauma center of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital. Records of a total of 841 patients who were 0 - 15 years old and received care in the period from March 2011 to October 2015 at the Trauma Center, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital were analyzed. This study showed that traumatic dental injuries were more common in boys and patients between 0 - 3 years old. Under 6 years old, fall was the most common etiology and home was the most common place of trauma. However, fall decreased, and sports and etc increased largely in etiologic factors over 6 years old. Besides, home decreased, and road and kindergarten school increased largely in the place of trauma. Etiology and location of trauma were statistically influenced by the age (p < 0.05). The most commonly affected injury sites were maxillary incisors and lips. The most patients visited trauma center between 18 - 24 o'clock (53.3%), and the least patients visited between 0 - 6 o'clock (4.6%). 51.5% of patients visited the trauma center within 1 hour of sustaining trauma, and 26.8% and 11.5% of patients visited between 1 - 2 hours and 2 - 3 hours respectively. The most common treatment of traumatic dental injuries was observation, and the second most common treatment was suture. Traumatic dental injuries in children exhibit specific epidemiological features according to children's gender, age, and other conditions. These result from combination of social, developmental, and physiologic factors.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2016

In the case of South Korea, steel girder bridge (steel box or H-steel) and PSC (Pre-Stressed Concrete) girder bridge are the representative upper structures of railroad and road bridges. These structures account for 75% of the total bridge constructions and 80% of the total construction cost. Since the form work for concreting bridge slab is difficult, various construction methods developed and applied. However, several problems in those methods did not solve partially, including cost increase by material loss and rise of labor costs, quality deterioration by unskilled workers, increased construction time by complicated method, reduced productivity, safety accident by high place work, difficult transportation by big member, and rise of maintenance cost by material characteristic. Alternative method is needed to solve problems of as-is methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is development of the purlin hanging system form for the girder bridge slab and its economic analysis. Through the findings of this study, it was verified that the purlin hanging system form is possible 60% reduction in cost and 80% reduction in time as comparison with conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2016

This paper shows procedure and strategies to improve military facilities and local residents' welfare through a civil-military sustainable cooperation project. Military installations tend to impede urban developments, so that a few civil compliant have been often filed. Meanwhile, it is sometimes impossible to relocate military units due to their own unique purpose, even though they belong to core sites of civil developments, which are generally indispensible due to urban expansion, magnified road networks and so on. The solution to offset these conflicts between civil and military demands, which are associated with military units and urbanization surrounding them, is to establish sustainable strategies which enable both civil and military be beneficial. In this study, it is described, decision making procedure to make some facilities of a military unit be better as well as promote local residents' welfare through securing high-quality sports facilities. Delphi-technique and Paired Comparison Method are used to collect civil and military opinions regarding sustainable agreements. As a case study, a civil military cooperation project between a military unit and a local government is introduced. With successful projects, it is expected that the better installations could lead positive images of a military unit, provide advanced athletic environments for both local residents and military personnels, and lessen defense cost to maintain them. Moreover, this project will go down as a paragon of civil military sustainable cooperation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.527-534
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• 2015

This paper presents an integrated chassis control with electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS) under lateral force constraint on AFS. The control yaw moment is calculated using a sliding mode control. The tire forces generated by ESC and AFS are determined using weighted pseudo-inverse based control allocation (WPCA) in order to generate the control yaw moment. On a low friction road, AFS is not effective when the lateral tire forces of front wheels are easily saturated. To solve problem, the lateral force of AFS is limited to its maximum and the braking of ESC is applied with WPCA. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a simulation was performed on the vehicle simulation package, $CarSim^{(R)}$. From the simulation, it was verified that the proposed method could enhance the maneuverability and lateral stability if the lateral force of AFS exceeds its maximum.