• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.281-294
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• 2018

Molecular analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region sequences revealed that the strains used in this study, which were formerly identified as Panellus serotinus, are Panellus edullis. After Universal Fungal PCR Fingerprinting (UFPF) analysis, eight strains of P. edulis were divided into two groups. We conducted fundamental research on mycelial growth and sawdust cultivation to understand the cultural characteristics of eight wild P. edulis strains collected from Korean forests. All strains showed faster and denser mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) than on other media (malt extract agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar). Optimal conditions for mycelial growth were: $20^{\circ}C$ on PDA, $25^{\circ}C$ on potato dextrose broth (PDB), and pH 5~8 on PDB at $25^{\circ}C$. Two strains (NIFoS 2407, 3993) were selected as excellent strains based on mycelial growth and density on PDA. NIFoS 2792 showed high cellulase activities on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar, and NIFoS 2387 and 2804 exhibited high laccase activities on ABTS-containing agar media. The mycelial growth of P. edulis was the fastest on Quercus acutissima and Q. mongolica sawdust media, and mycelial density was the highest on Quercus spp. sawdust-containing media. Sawdust cultivation of P. edulis was successful. The conditions were 80~85 days of cultivation period after spawn inoculation, 10~11 days for primordial formation at $17{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, and 15~20 days for fruiting growth. NIFoS 2804 and 3993 were selected as good strains in terms of cultivation period and mushroom production. These results could be useful for the artificial cultivation of P. edulis.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

To establish a genetic relationships of collected Ganoderma strains, mycelium growth according to media and temperature, colony morphology, chlamydospore formation and fruitbody morphology were investigated. For the identification of optimal growth conditions of the strains, five different growth media and four different temperature were tested. GCM (Ganoderma complete medium) at $30^{\circ}C$ was the most effective for mycelial growth of 68 strains with more or less variation. The strains were divided into 28 groups based on their colony shapes, and most of them belong to CM3 or CM8 group. Chlamydospores were observed in the mycelia of 16 strains including ASI 7022 on microscope, but not in most G. lucidum domestic strains, which showed relatively lagging growth on $35^{\circ}C$ in mycelial growth experiment. These results were not similar to those of G. lucidum but those of G. tsugae imported from USA. The strains were cultivated on oak sawdust media to see their fruit body formation. Ninety-seven among 115 strains formed fruitbodies in sawdust cultivation. They showed two forms of fruitbodies, 89.7% of flat type or 10.3% of antler type, although these shapes can be affected by $CO_2$ concentrations. These results suggest that the native strains formerly considered to belong to G. lucidum have to be re-classified with further study.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2018

Sparassis latifolia is called "Cauliflower Mushroom" and is known as an edible mushroom that has high content of ${\beta}$-glucan. Recently, artificial cultivation of S. latifolia has been done by bottle, plastic bag and wood cultivation in Korea. However it is not widely used because there are low incubation ratio and yield. For the high efficiency of production, we aim to find the superior strains and media for better mycelial and fruit body growth. First, we analyzed the genetic relationship among 31 strains and divided five groups with three kinds of URP primers. And then ten strains were selected from five groups based on the experiment of mycelial growth. The suitability of media for mycelial growth was different according to media type. The suitable solid and liquid media for mycelial growth of S. latifolia isolates were PDA and M2, respectively. In addition, with regard to C/N ratio, the mycelial growth increased even until C/N 160. Second, we investigated the production of fruitbody of the strains by plastic bag cultivation. The substrate was mixed with larch sawdust, corn flour, and wheat flour (8:1:1, v/v). Moisture content of substrate was controlled by about 60% with 10% molasses solution. Out of 31 strains, 19 strains formed primordia. The eight strains produced more than 140g/1kg in fresh weight. Third, molasses culture media was selected for the mycelial growth. And molasses suitable sugar content and input aeration were around 8Brix% and 0.3~0.6vvm, respectively. The longer the incubation period is, the more dried weight of mycelia increased, but medium volume decreased. Therefore, the best incubation period was 9 to 11 days depending on strains. In the future, research project entitled development of culture system and new variety for stable production of S. latifolia will be considered as a new item.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.341-356
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• 2012

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is the most economically important cultivated mushroom, but yields are impacted by its competitor, Trichoderma spp. We previously found two unidentified Trichoderma species growing in bedlogs and sawdust shiitake media in Korea. Here, we identify and re-describe those two species based on molecular sequence data, morphology, and culture characteristics. Well-supported clades based on phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-${\alpha}$, and RNA polymerase subunit II sequences grouped one of the unidentified Trichoderma spp. with Hypocrea pseudogelatinosa and the other with Hypocrea pseudostraminea, and their morphologies matched well with the original descriptions of the two Hypocrea species. This study reports the first phylogenetic analyses of H. pseudogelatinosa and Japanese strains of H. pseudostraminea. Based on the phylogenetic results, we redescribed these two species using modern taxonomic concepts in Hypocrea/Trichoderma.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.342-346
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• 2018

The temperature and humidity of 49 greenhouses for oak mushroom cultivation were investigated for 5 years to analyze the trends in the change of these parameters according to the climate change in Korea. The 5-year average temperature and humidity were $24.7^{\circ}C$ and 60.5%, respectively, in sawdust media-based cultivation houses and $24.4^{\circ}C$ and 60.0%, respectively, in log-bed cultivation houses. The average temperature in the summer was $29.8^{\circ}C$ in 2016, $29.1^{\circ}C$ in 2017, and $33.3^{\circ}C$ in 2018 in the log-bed cultivation houses and $26.8^{\circ}C$ in 2016, $20.4^{\circ}C$ in 2017, and $24.2^{\circ}C$ in 2018 in the sawdust media-based cultivation houses. During the investigation, temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$ were detected in one cultivation house in spring and five such houses in summer. When classifying by cultivation type, temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$ were found in five log-bed cultivation houses and temperatures less than $20^{\circ}C$ were found in four log-bed cultivation houses in fall. This study shows that log-bed cultivation houses for oak mushroom need to be modified to cope with the climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

For the breeding purpose, in this study we attempted to select a new Lentinula edodes strain by comparing mycelial growth rate, fruit-body quality and mushroom productivity per substrate weight of hybrid strains with parent strains. Nineteen hybrid strains were made by cross of di-karyotic and mono-karyotic to develop strains suitable for sawdust cultivation of L. edodes. Among the nineteen strains, ten were selected by comparing mycelial growth rate on PDA media and wood rot on sawdust-based substrates. The most mushroom harvesting was achieved by 100 days incubation from KFRI 960, KFRI 961, KFRI 962, KFRI 963, KFRI 964, KFRI 971, KFRI 973 and 125 days from KFRI 968, 970. Experiment of incubation periods with the ten strains showed that there were productivity differences between 100 and 150 days incubations. Through comparison of hybrid strains' mushroom productivity it was found that there was no difference in mushroom productivity through crossing high temperature types with high temperature types, crossing low temperature types with high temperature types and crossing unknown temperature types with high temperature types, but there was difference through crossing middle temperature types with high temperature types. Hybrid strains showed better productivity compared with parent strains. Fruiting temperature type analysis of hybrid strains confirmed that strains of high temperature types have a dominant character.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2019

We investigated the effect of different media components on the characteristics and productivity of Lentinula edodes cultivated in sawdust. Ten substrates were used for this study. Soybean and cotton seed meal were unsuitable substrates as fungal mycelia did not grow to maturity during the incubation period. Lentinula edodes (NIFoS culture number 2462) was grown on the ten substrates, and soybean hull, mixed medium, cotton seed hull and corn grain showed greater effect on the productivity than wheat bran. However, wheat bran induced higher productivity in NIFoS 2778 than the other substrates. Sawdust medium with soybean meal produced smaller fruiting bodies than the other substrates. In contrast, corn meal media produced larger mushrooms than the other substrates. The external characteristics of the mushrooms varied based on the substrates upon which they were grown. This is not surprising given that the substrates differed with respect to carbohydrate and protein content, e.g., cotton seed and soybean meal contained a higher crude protein and crude ash than the other substrates tested.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2004

The water soluble fractions(WSF) from Japanese larch wood were isolated, purified by anion exchange resin and Sephadex gel filtration and identified its chemical structure by means of periodate oxidation and methylation reactions. Its major components are arabinose and galactose (1 : 3.4). Based on the results of periodate oxidation, methylation and gas chromatographic analysis of purified WSF, main chain is composed of β-1,3-glycosidic linkage among D-galactopyranoses, and two different side chains; β-1,6-glycosidic linkage among 2-3 units of D-galactopyranoses and β-1,6-glycosidic linkage between 1-2 units of D-galactopyranose and L-arabinopyranose. Addition of WSF to culture media of oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes) accelerated the mycelial growth. In the case of PDA cultures, 2 percent addition of WSF in Sanlim No. 6 strain and 4 percent of WSF in Mok-H strain mostly enhanced the mycelial growth of the mushroom. In the case of sawdust cultures, 4 percent addition of WSF in two strains showed the best mycelial growth. High percentages addition of WSF inhibited mycelial growth of the mushroom. Mushroom production was increased with addition of WSF. By the addition of WSF, ergosterol contents in the media were quite high at the colonized stage and rapidly increased at the fruiting stage. Therefore the ergosterol content could be utilized as an indicator to evaluate the culture maturity for the mushroom fruiting.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.2 s.73
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The characteristics of protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP) which were isolated and purified from the sawdust mycelia of Agrocybe cylindracea were investigated. The yield of crude protein-bound polysaccharides (Fr.CB) extracted with boiling water and precipitated with 95% ethanol, was 0.74% based on the original sawdust mycelia. The Fr.CB was purified by the membrane filtration, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The Fr.B fraction of which the molecular weight is over 300 KDa, was isolated from the Fr.CB using membrane filtration, and the yield was 38.6% based on the Fr.CB. This result indicates that high molecular protein-bound polysaccharides are the dominent components of the Fr.CB. Two fractions (Fr.B-1, Fr.B-2) were also isolated from the Fr.B using ion exchange chromatography, and the yields were 17.3% (Fr.B-1) and 10.3% (Fr. B-2), respectively. The Fr.B-1 was concentrated and gel-filtrated, and the single peak, thought to be nearly pure protein-bound polysaccharides, was obtained. The yield of final fraction $(Fr.B-1-{\beta})$ was 42.5% based on the Fr.B-1. The molecular weight of $Fr.B-1-{\beta}$ was nearly 710 KDa. The monosaccharides' composition of $Fr.B-1-{\beta}$ was analized by HPLC, and glucose was the dominent component, and fucose and galactose were also detected. The result of amino acid analysis was that glutamic acid and analysis were detected to a significant level, and cysteine was not detected.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2012

During investigating of shiitake mushroom competitors, 289 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected from shiitake mushroom farms in different districts and the Forest Mushroom Research Center of Korea, among which 29 representative strains were selected. Based on the DNA sequences of the rpb2 and tef1 genes and the ITS rDNA, and their morphological characteristics, they were identified as T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and two undescribed species, Trichoderma spp. 1 and 2, which are considered to be the candidate of new species. Competition tests between Lentinula edodes (Sanjo302) and the Trichoderma species indicated that the six species of Trichoderma were significantly different from each other in terms of their ability to invade the mycelial blocks of shiitake. In both of dual cultures on potato dextrose agar and sawdust media, Trichoderma spp. 1 and 2 strongly invaded the mycelial blocks of shiitake. Our results suggest that the two Trichoderma species may cause potentially serious economic losses in shiitake cultivation of Korea.