• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

Recognizing the importance of the multi-purpose management of natural deciduous forest, this study was carried out to implement the partial cutting for stand regulation to examine agroforestry practice as well as other concurrent forest resource production, and to investigate the changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced natural deciduous stand in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different partial cutting intensities (68.1%, 48.6%, and control) were performed in the unmanaged natural deciduous stand in order to improve the growing condition, especially light condition, for introducing some commercial herbaceous plants on the forest floor to establish agroforestry and/or silvopastoral system. Dominated by Quercus varibilis Blume (50.5%) and Quercus dentata Thum. ex Murray (42.6%), eight tree species were composed of the study forest, including poles of Pinus desiflora Siebold & Zucc and sapling of Pinus Koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. The total of 87 (13 tree species, 12 shrub species, 58 herbaceous species, and 4 woody climbers) vascular plant species were observed in study site after partial cutting treatments, while that of before partial cutting was 53 species (14 tree species, 8 shrubs species, 30 herbaceous species, and 1 woody climbers). The proportion of life form spectra in plot B was Mi (28.4%)-Na (23.0%)-Ge (17.5%)-Ch (10.8%)-He (9.5%)-MM (6.7%)-Th (4.1%). No statistically significant differences were observed in changes of life form spectra from before to after partial cutting treatment and among partial cutting gradients in this study. Partial cutting and scratching for forage sowing made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and light partial cutting (LPC) plot (500 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those of heavy partial cutting (HPC) plot (310 stems/ha) and control plot (1,270 stems/ha).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.177-191
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• 2015

The effect of environmental variables on the presence and abundance of tree species in a tropical lowland undisturbed limestone and non-limestone forest in Ben En National Park, Vietnam was investigated. The relationships between 13 environmental variables and 29 tree species with a DBH ${\geq}10cm$, as well as between six 6 physical variables with 26 species of seedling and sapling communities were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Data concerning all tree species ${\geq}10cm$ DBH were collected from eighteen $400m^2$ sample plots, while the abundance of regeneration (all individuals ${\leq}5cm$ DBH) was counted in fifty $2{\times}20m$ strip-plots. The significance of species-environments correlations were tested by distribution-free Monte Carlo tests. The CCA of the 29 examined tree species and 13 environmental variables indicated that the presence and abundance of the tree species were closely related to topographic factors. We may confirm that soil properties including pH, soil moisture content, and soil textures, were the most crucial factor in tree species composition and their distribution. Several species including Pometia pinnata, Amesiodendron chinense, Gironniera cuspidate, Cinnamomum mairei, and Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis were not controlled by soil properties and topographic variables. The CCA also indicated that the abundance of regeneration tree species at all sites had positive and significant correlations with soil depth, while the occurrence of several other tree species (such as Koilodepas longifolium and Aglaia dasyclada) was positively correlated with a higher slope and rocky outcrop.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.242-252
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• 1998

The inhabitation environments and growth conditions of Machilus thunbergii community in the Pyonsanbando located at southwestern area in Korea were examined and analyzed to provide some practical data to be used to establish measures for long term succession monitoring, protection and sustainable management. The Machilus thunbergii community are located at Kyokpo-ri, Pyonsan-myon, Puan-gun(35$^{\circ}$35′24"N~35$^{\circ}$ 42′30"N, 126$^{\circ}$28′18"E~126$^{\circ}$40′40"E). Within the Pyonsanbando area the mean temperature is 12.4$^{\circ}C$, the warmth index 101.5$^{\circ}C$.month, the coldness index -12.3$^{\circ}C$ month and the annual precipitation 1,016mm. The soil within the community is silt loam or clay loam and so fertile. 30 species and 1 varieties of 21 families inhabited at the community. There were 18 grown trees and 131 saplings of Machilus thunbergii within the community. The mean basal diameter, mean height, and crown width of grown trees was measured to be 57.4cm, 7.4m and 9.0~9.8m respectively. And 9 trees were full flowering, 2 trees small flowering here and there, and 7 trees non flowering in 1998. The mean branch growth length was 8.3cm, mean leaf area 18.3$\textrm{cm}^2$, mean inflorecence length 9.3cm, mean fertilization 14.5％ and mean seed diameter 7.6mm. Further rich management measure and investigation were recommended such as sapling protection, signboard construction, soil erosion controlling and regular monitoring within the community.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2000

The purpose of thus paper is to provide the knowledge on preparing for the planting soil and planting method, and maintenance at the reclaimed seaside. Based on the collected data from the field work, the soil environment, the growth of height, inter-node, tree ring and roots of the two species had been analyzed. The determinant of soil factors, affecting the growth of trees, turned out to be six elements such as soil hardness, soil acidity, potassium, calcium, magnesium and total nitrogen. Because the variances of both growth of tree height and tree ring are greater than that of root, the growth characteristics of ground parts of the species by the individual tree species is more dynamical than those of underground parts. From the mean difference test the growth of height, root between Pinus thunbergii and Zelkova serrata, have been turned out to be statistically significant at 5 percent level. Pinus thunbergii is a sapling, so it grows faster than Zelkova serrata while Pinus thunbergii has better roots system than Zelkova serrata. From the correlation analysis, it showed the very strong correlation between tree height growth and potassim, while the lowest correlation coefficient was between soil hardness and potassim as 0.744. From the multiple regression analysis, both soil hardness and magnesium affect to the tree growth, soil hardness and potassium to the tree growth, potassium and calcium to the rot growth, respectively. Using this research results, we can be use the planting plan including revegetation, construction and maintenance of the reclaimed seaside. In the future, the planting method including the ground preparation and tree species selection for the reclaimed seaside should be accompanied in advanced through the soil survey and relevant analysis.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2010

본 연구는 민간경비원의 팔로워십이 임파워먼트에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 2009년 서울소재 민간경비업체를 대상으로 집락무선표집법을 이용하여 264명을 최종 추출하였다. 그러나 최종분석에 사용된 사례 수는 238명이다. 연구에 사용된 설문지의 신뢰도는 Cronbach's $\alpha$ 값이 .761 이상으로 나타났다. 수집된 자료는 SPSSWIN 17.0을 이용하여 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, t검증 및 F검증, 다중 회귀분석 등의 방법을 활용하였다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 민간경비원들의 사회인구학적 특성에 따라서 팔로워십은 차이가 있다. 둘째, 민간경비원들의 사회인구학적 특성에 따라 조직 임파워먼트는 차이가 있다. 셋째, 민간경비원들의 팔로워십은 조직 임파워먼트에 영향을 미친다. 즉, 적극적 능동적 참여, 독립적 비판적 사고에 대해 높게 지각할수록 영향력, 의미성, 역량 및 자기결정력은 증가한다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제8권
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• pp.1-9
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• 1968

폭 170cm의 간이계단식 경사지에 식재된 상수의 근계를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 2본소식한 경우의 1소당 총근중은 2.4-2.8kg, 직경 1mm이하의 세근을 제외한 총근장은 177-255m이며 그 중에서 총근중은 직경 10mm이상의 것이 가장 많고 1-5mm의 것이 그 다음이며 1mm이하의 것과 5-10mm의 것은 가장 적다. 총근장은 이와 반대로 1-5mm의 것이 가장 길고 10mm이상의 것은 극히 짧다. 2. 수직위치에 따르는 분포는 그 중량이나 길이가 다 같이 지표에서 20cm까지의 토층에 가장 많고 20-40cm의 토층이 그 다음이며 이 부위에 전체의 90% 이상이 분포해 있다. 3. 좌우위치에 따라서 보면 상수를 중심으로 하여 좌우 각각 30cm 이내의 부위에 대부분의 뿌리가 분포해 있다. 4. 계단의 전후위치별로 보면 계단전단에서 35-70cm의 부위와 70-80cm의 부위에 가장 많이 분포해 있고 이보다 멀어지는 데 파라서 적어지며 계단의 후면보다는 전면이 뿌리의 분포가 약간 많다. 5. 각 품종간에 있어서의 근계의 분포상태는 지적할 만한 차가 없는 것 같다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.237-252
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• 2016

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

우리나라 하천변 홍수터의 복원수종을 선발하기 위하여 우리나라 낙엽성 참나무 주요 6종의 유식물을 일반 토양(대조구)과 뿌리가 잠기는 침수된 토양에서 재배하여 그 생육변화의 차이를 분석하였다. 생육분석에 사용한 항목은 잎 수, 잎 길이, 잎 폭, 잎 면적, 지상부 길이, 줄기 길이, 줄기 직경, 뿌리 길이, 식물체 길이(뿌리 길이+줄기 길이), 잎 무게, 줄기 무게, 뿌리 무게, 식물체 무게 등 13가지 형질이다. 졸참나무는 관찰한 13가지 모든 형질에서 침수처리구에서도 잘 자라 대조구와 생육 차이가 없었다. 갈참나무는 식물체 길이 만, 떡갈나무는 잎 길이 등 4개 형질에서, 굴참나무는 잎 수 등 6개 형질에서, 상수리나무는 뿌리 길이 등 7개 형질에서, 신갈나무는 잎 수를 제외한 12개의 형질에서 대조구보다 침수 처리구에서 못 자랐다(p<0.05). 전체적으로 볼 때 낙엽성 참나무류의 침수에 대한 내성의 순서는 졸참나무>갈참나무>떡갈나무>굴참나무>상수리나무>신갈나무 순으로 감소하였다. 따라서 참나무류를 하천변의 홍수터 복원 시에는 졸참나무나 갈참나무를 식재하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2011

This study was designed to provide basic data applicable to fire investigation through consideration of combustion products and propose vulnerability of combustibles through analysis of $CO_2$ emission. In order to achieve these research objectives, characteristics of combustion products such as smoke release rate of each part(raw leaves, branches and barks), $CO_2$ emission and ash production were considered targeting on 6 oak species(Quercus variabilis Blume, Quercus aliena Blume, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica Fisch, Quercus dentata Sapling and Quercus acutissima) using cone calorimeter and smoke density tester. As a result, it was found that raw leaves release smoke more relatively than branches and barks, when they burn, and that Quercus variabilis Blume has the highest smoke density. Also, Quercus acutissima released CO and $CO_2$ which are respectively, 6.67 times and 1.43 times more than Quercus variabilis Blume with low $CO_2$ emission. In addition, branches released CO and $CO_2$ more relatively. There was a big difference in ash production among raw leaves(3.1 g), branches(10.5 g) and barks(16.43 g). It was identified that Quercus serrata produces ashes which are nearly 9.95 times more than Quercus variabilis Blume. It demonstrates that Quercus serrata contains relatively higher minerals and that Quercus variabilis Blume can leave lots of traces like stain and carbonization, as it releases smoke a lot and it's difficult to predict visibility, when a forest fire breaks out in its community area. It is also considered that smoke particles containing oil in the air leave strain on the surface of a tree, and that CO and $CO_2$ emission increases, when crown fire to burn branches breaks out.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2004

천연도료 황칠자원을 보전하고 육성하기 위한 육종계획의 일환으로 한라산 황칠나무 천연집단의 식생구조, 공간분포 및 생육동태 등 생태적 특성을 조사한 결과, 중요치(Ⅳ)가 높은 수종은 구실잣밤나무, 서어나무, 황칠나무, 종가시나무, 가시나무, 동백나무, 당단풍 등인 것으로 조사되었으며 , 모든 조사구에서 공통적으로 출현한 수종은 구실잣밤나무와 서어나무 2종이었다. 층위별 황칠나무의 적산중요치는 상층에서 17.2%, 중층 12.9%, 하층 10.3%로 비교적 높은 우점도를 나타내고 있었으며, 분포형은 상층, 중층, 하층에서 확률분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 황칠나무 임분은 낙엽활엽수인 서어나무를 우점으로 하는 군집에서 종가시나무, 구실잣밤나무 등의 상록활엽수를 우점으로 하는 군집으로 진행되는 천이단계에 있었으며, 황칠나무는 이들 임분에서 주로 상층의 아우점종이거나 중층의 우점종으로 나타났다. Morisita's index를 통한 공간분포는 치수(seedling)와 어린개체 (sapling)들은 대체로 모수로서 추정되는 성숙목으로부터 떨어진 곳에 집중분포하는 경향을 보였으나, 성숙목(Mature tree)은 규칙 분포하는 양상이었다. 결론적으로, 황칠나무는 다른 상록활엽 수들과 동반하여 집단 확산이 일어나며 , 집단의 확산을 위한 치수의 발생과 생장에 있어서 주변의 임분구조에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 개체군의 동태를 예측한 결과, 낮은 직경급의 밀도가 높고 높은 직경 급의 밀도가 낮은 전형적인 역J자형 분포를 보였다.