• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2009

The characteristics of morphological shapes, wave heights, tidal ranges and sediment sizes are observed and compared between intertidal beach and mudflat. The Mohang sand beach, southwest coast of Korea, is located just next to the large mudflat and has tidal range over 5 meters. Wave measurements are conducted at each entrance of the beach and mudflat as well as at the outside waters representing the incident waves to these different coastal environments. The morphological characteristics are also examined including the sediment size and the slope of the bathymetry, For the observation of morphological shapes, camera monitoring technique is used to measure the spatial information of intertidal bathymetry. The water lines moving on the intertidal flat/beach durinq a flood indicate depth contours between low and high water lines. The water lines extracted from the consecutive images are rectified to get the ground coordinates of each depth contours and integrated to provide three dimensional information of intertidal topography. The wave data show that sand beach is in the condition of severer wave forcing but tidal range is almost identical in both environment. The slope of the mudflat is much milder than the sand beach with finer sediment.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.359-370
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• 2024

The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the migration of fine granular materials into overlying layers under cyclic loading using a modified large-scale triaxial system as a physical model test. Samples prepared for the modified large-scale triaxial system comprised a 60 mm thick gravel layer overlying a 120 mm thick subgrade layer, which could be either tailings or railway sand. A quantitative analysis of the migration of fine granular materials was based on the mass percentage and grain size of migrated materials collected in the gravel. In addition, the cyclic characteristics, i.e., accumulated axial strain and excess pore water pressure, were evaluated. As a result, the total migration rate of the railway sand sample was found to be small. However, the total migration rate of the sample containing tailings in the subgrade layer was much higher than that of the railway sand sample. In addition, the migration analysis revealed that finer tailings particles tended to be migrated into the upper gravel layer easier than coarser tailings particles under cyclic loading. This could be involved in significant increases in excess pore water pressure at the last cycles of the physical model test.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.443-452
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• 2024

The use of sand-tire chip mixtures in construction industry is a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach that addresses both waste tire disposal and soil improvement needs. However, the addition of tire chip particles to natural soils decreases maximum shear modulus (G_max), but increases compressibility, which can be potential drawbacks. This study examines the effect of overconsolidation stress history on the maximum shear modulus (G_max) of rigid-soft mixtures with varying size ratios (SR) and tire chip contents (TC) by measuring the wave velocity through a 1-D compression test during loading and unloading. The results demonstrate that the G_max of tested mixtures in the normally consolidated state increased with increasing SR and decreasing TC. However, the tested mixtures with a smaller SR exhibited a greater increase in G_max during unloading because of the active pore-filling behavior of the smaller rubber particles and the consequent increased connectivity between sand particles. The SR-dependent impact of the overconsolidation stress history on G_max was verified using the ratio between the swelling and compression indices. Most importantly, this study reveals that the excessive settlement and lower G_max of rigid-soft mixtures can be overcome by introducing an overconsolidated state in sand-tire chip mixtures with low TC.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.130-142
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• 1987

Sedimentological characteristics of the surface sediments in the southern sea off Cheju Island are described from analyses of bottom sediments. The sediments are subdivided into seven textural classes, muddy sand, slightly gravelly muddy sand, sand, clayey sand, sandy clay, sandymud, silty sand. Sand-size sediments are distributed in the southeastern part and/or around the Island, whereas sandy and muddy sediments are mainly distributed in the central and southern parts of the study area. A small portion of mud patch is located in the southwestern part of the area. According to the textural parameters analysis, sediments in the study area are poorly sorted(av.2.52 ), positive skewed(av.1.61 ), leptokurtic(av.1.74 ), transported by saltation and/or suspension, and roundness of quartz is varied from angular to surrounded, which suggesting that the depositional environment is not simple. The calcium carbonate content is on the average 26.99%, and commonly abundant in sand-size sediments, whereas organic matter content in the bulk sediment is on the average 6.70% and usually dominant in fine-grained sediments.Light minerals consist of quartz(av56.01%),Na-Ca feldspar(av.6.15%),K-feldspar(av.9.22%) and rock fragments(av28.11%).The contect onquartz and K-feldspar increases continuously away from the Cheju Island. As a result of geochemical analysis,concentrations of the elements are as follow:Zn:19.42-43.52 ppm (av.30.67ppm),Mn:50-304 ppm(av139.39ppm),Cr:3.54-10.68ppm(av6.50ppm),Pb:5.52-41.68ppm(av.15.60ppm), Co:7.08-14.68ppm (av.10.78ppm),Ni:19.70-42.42ppm(av.29.57ppm),Cu:3.14-9.12ppm(av.5.14ppm),Fe:0.48-2.08% (av1.22%),Ca:0.32-13.16%(av6.60%),Al:0.06-0.08%(av.0.27%),Mg:0.12-0.76%(av.0.53%)na:0.11-0.51%(av.0.36%) Ag:0.48-4.08ppm(av.1.22ppm).Among these elements,the content of Zn,Cu,Cr,Mn,Fe,Al,Mg,Pb and Na increase toward the southwestern area,while the content of Ca and Ag SHOWS the reversed distribution trend.Such a distribution pattern seems to imply that spatial distrivution of heavy metals is closely related to the variation in grain size. X-ray diffractogram show that the minerals in clay from the southwestern mud patch are illite ,chlorite, kaolinte,feldspar and calcite.The bulk of illite in th mud zone is believed to be originated from Huanghe and Yangytze River.The mud patch in this region contains the diagnostic calcite peak,and the concentration of Ca,ni,Pb,Ag are similar to Huanghe type,which indicates that the greater part of these clay fractions may have been derived from the Huanghe River.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2020

Laboratory determination of strength and deformation behavior of clean sands and gravels has always been challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining their undisturbed samples. An alternative solution to this problem is to develop correlations between mechanical properties of cohesionless soils and their gradation characteristics. This study presents database of 3 natural sands with 11 varying particle size gradation curves to allow investigating relationships between mean particle size, maximum and minimum void ratio, relative density and shear strength of the test soils. Direct shear tests were performed at relative densities of 50, 75 and 95% to explore the effects of gradation and density on the angle of internal friction of the modeled sand samples. It is found that the mean grain size D₅₀ bears good correlations with void ratio range (e_max - e_min) and peak angle of internal friction 𝜙'_peak. The generated regression models are in good agreement with published literature and can be considered as reliable for natural sands in Pakistan. These empirical correlations can save considerable time and efforts involved in laboratory and field testing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.305-308
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• 2008

This paper presents characteristics of soil ionization when high currents such as lightning and switching surge currents are injected into a grounding rod. Soil ionization phenomena are investigated by using both voltage and current signals recorded by oscilloscope. As a result, a critical electric field intensity($E_C$) for ionization is decreased with reduction of grain size. The pre-ionization resistance($R_1$) and post-ionization resistance($R_2$) at the sand with fine grain size are getting lower with increasing current magnitude. Finally, the time to ionization($t_1$) and ionization current peak($t_2$) of fine grain size are significantly shorter than those of medium grain size.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2008

To investigate the effect of sample size on coefficient of consolidation of non-homogeneous soil, the result of a large size consolidation test using a huge undisturbed sample with $1200mm(D){\times}2000mm(H)$ in dimension is compared with that of oedometer test using undisturbed small sample. In addition, test results are compared with those of same test using remold sample. Experimental results show that, due to the lump of sand/silt was mixed in sample, the coefficient of consolidation of undisturbed samples have a difference for each tests. Whereas, the difference of coefficient of consolidation between remolded large and small samples is not found. Because sample size affects the test results, sample must be carefully selected for non-homogeneous soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.7-11
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• 2015

Recently, as the demand for sustainable energy sources is increasing, ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems are receiving growing attention. However, the initial cost of GSHP system is higher than it of the conventional systems, especially, in small-size buildings. Therefore, for the application to the small-size building, it is necessary to develop small-size ground heat exchanger with small-size buildings. In this study, analysis of unit-type heat exchanger due to grouting materials. As a result, 1492.14 W of heat exchange rate was acquired in the condition of cement-silica sand-graphite materials.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2016

It is estimated that over 2 million tons of non-ferrous wastes are generated after refining. Up to now, most researches were focused on extracting precious metals and there were very few research on the utilization of the slag byproduct. In this study, we studied to evaluate whether copper slag could be used as aggregates in concrete. Fresh mortar were evaluated on the particle size and replacement ratio of the copper slag with river-sand. Experimental results indicated that flow, air content and drying shrinkage of concrete varied with particle size, which confirmed that proper classification of copper slag is very important. And, setting time and unit weight of the concrete increased with replacement ratio. When particle size of the slag was similar to the river-sand, concrete with copper slag showed slump, air content, setting time, drying shrinkage and unit weight became larger compared to the concrete using river-sand only. Therefore, it is believed that proper classification and replacement ratio should be optimized for the effective use of slag in concrete.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.411-423
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• 2018

To investigate the distribution characteristics of grain size and organic matter of surface sediments from the Nakdong-Goryeong Mid-watershed, surface sediments were collected and analyzed. The samples were collected from six sited at four different times between May 2013 and May 2014. The were analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The surface sediments were mainly composed of medium sand (mean 44.7%) and coarse sand (mean 32.8%) and became coarser in May 2014. Fine sediments at the site NG-2 were poorly sorted and positively skewed, and occur in a tributary environment that is relatively low-energy compared with the other sites. The water content at the studied sites (15.3 ~ 34.9%) averaged 20.25%, and ignition loss (0.4 ~ 5.8%) and total nitrogen (274 ~ 2493 mg/kg) averaged 1.33% and, 696 mg/kg, respectively. These values indicated that the sediments were not seriously contaminated when compared with the sediment pollution evaluation standard of the National Institute of Environmental Research. The chemical oxygen demand (mean 0.17%) was at the non-polluted level compared with United States Environmental Protection Agency sediment quality standards. The total organic carbon (mean 0.18%) at all sites except site NG-2 (lowest effect level) was the no effect level of the Ontario sediment quality guidelines. The COD/IL (0.02 ~ 0.20) and C/N (0.73 ~ 6.76) were less than 1 and 10, respectively. Organic matter in the study area produced naturally from aquatic organisms. Results of principal component analysis showed that fine sediments (very fine sand and silt) were significantly affected by organic matters (ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen). In addition, the highest organic matters content in the study area occurred at the site with the finest sediments (NG-2).