• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1620-1620
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• 2001

Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2008

Herbs and plants widely used for the ecological restoration were selected for germination rate analysis under treatment of microorganisms to determine ideal treatment conditions and medium for enhanced germination rate. Albizzia julibrissin, when submerged in a nutrient medium or distilled water, presented a decrease in germination period rather than increase in germination rate. When treated with microorganism culture solution (JM-2) for 24 hours, 90% germination was achieved in two days, which is sufficient evidence to conclude that such treatment accelerates the germination of Albizzia julibrissin. Germination period decreased for Lespedeza cyrtobotrya samples submerged in microorganism solution for 15 and 48 hours, however, increases in germination rates were not observed. Sample treated in the solution for 24 hours had increased germination rate and enhanced germination period. Microorganism solution treatment had a negative effect on germination for Lespedeza cuneata, unlike Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Albizzia julibrissin. Microorganism treated seeds of Lepsedeza cuneata had a lower germination rate than that of the control with no treatment. However, submerging treatments in a nutrient medium or distilled water for 24 to 48 hours were proven effective with higher germination rates than control sample with no treatment. Herbs and plants widely used for the ecological restoration were selected for germination rate analysis under treatment of microorganisms to determine ideal treatment conditions and medium for enhanced germination rate. Albizzia julibrissin, when submerged in a nutrient medium or distilled water, presented a decrease in germination period rather than increase in germination rate. When treated with microorganism culture solution (JM-2) for 24 hours, 90% germination was achieved in two days, which is sufficient evidence to conclude that such treatment accelerates the germination of Albizzia julibrissin. Germination period decreased for Lespedeza cyrtobotrya samples submerged in microorganism solution for 15 and 48 hours, however, increases in germination rates were not observed. Sample treated in the solution for 24 hours had increased germination rate and enhanced germination period. Microorganism solution treatment had a negative effect on germination for Lespedeza cuneata, unlike Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Albizzia julibrissin. Microorganism treated seeds of Lepsedeza cuneata had a lower germination rate than that of the control with no treatment. However, submerging treatments in a nutrient medium or distilled water for 24 to 48 hours were proven effective with higher germination rates than control sample with no treatment.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.916-922
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• 2010

마늘을 고온에서 장시간 저장 및 숙성시켜 제조한 흑마늘로 잼을 만들어 품질 특성을 알아보았다. 산도는 대조군과 FTOS 첨가군이 가장 높았으며, 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 환원당 함량은 FTO 첨가군이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 FTOS 첨가군이었다. 점도는FTO 첨가군이 가장높고, 그 다음으로 FTOS 첨가군이었고, 대조군은 가장 낮았다. 색도는 명도는 FTO 첨가군이 가장 높았고, FTOS 첨가군이 가장 낮았으며 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 적색도는 FTO 첨가군이 가장 높았고, FTOS 첨가군이 가장 낮았으며 유의적이 차이를 나타내었다. 황색도는 FTO 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 기계적인 조직감은 경도, 탄력성은 FTO 첨가군이 가장 높았고, 대조군이 가장 낮았다. 항산화 실험 결과 중, DPPH radical 소거능은 모든 군이 대조군에 비해 $IC_50$ 값이 낮게 나타났고, FTO 첨가군이 가장 작은 값을 나타내어 항산화능이 가장 좋게 평가되었다. Hydroxy radical 소거능 역시 모든 군이 대조군에 비해 $IC_50$ 값이 낮게 나타났고, FTO 첨가군이 가장 작은 값을 나타내어 항산화능이 가장 좋게 평가되었다. Total phenol 함량 측정 결과, FTO 첨가군이 가장 높은 값을 나타났고, 모든 군이 대조군에 비해 Total phenol 함량이 높게 나타났다. 관능검사에서 강도 특성 및 수용도 평가 결과, 전반적인 수용도 및 구입의사에서 FTO 첨가군이 높은 점수를 받아 잼 제조 시 설탕을 넣거나 설탕과 올리고당을 혼합하여 흑마늘 잼을 제조하는 것보다 프락토올리고당을 대체할 때 관능적으로 가장 좋다고 사료된다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해 보면 프락토올리고당 첨가가 흑마늘잼 제조 시 적합한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.688-694
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• 2017

퀴노아의 열처리 가공방법이 퀴노아의 이화학적 특성과 in vitro 생리활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 퀴노아의 가열처리로 열탕처리와 증자 후 볶음처리 하는 두 가지 방법을 사용하였다. 퀴노아의 일반성분은 열탕처리 하였을 때 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분, 전분 함량이 약간 감소하였으나 증자/볶음처리 시에는 이들 함량에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 퀴노아의 총 페놀 함량은 증류수 또는 80% 에탄올 용매 추출물 모두에서 원곡보다 가열처리에 의해 감소하는 것으로 나타났는데 열탕처리가 증자/볶음처리에 비해 감소가 더 큰 편이었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량 또한 두 가지 용매 추출물 모두에서 열처리 가공에 의해 감소하였다. 열처리한 퀴노아의 수분흡수지수는 원곡보다 증가했지만 수분용해도지수는 감소하였다. 퀴노아의 in vitro 전분 가수분해율은 원곡보다 열처리한 퀴노아에서 크게 증가하였다. 퀴노아의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 아질산염 소거능은 가열처리에 의해 감소하는 경향이었는데 열탕 처리에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 이는 열처리 가공방법에 따른 항산화 물질 손실의 차이로 인한 결과로 판단되었다. 퀴노아를 열처리 가공 시에는 조리수에 의한 영양 생리활성 성분의 손실을 줄이는 방법으로 열처리 가공하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 제시되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2010

In this study, the residual levels of four insecticidal compounds (lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin) were monitored in the pomegranate, in order to assess the risk to consumers posed by the presence of such residues. The insecticides were applied at the recommended dose rates onto pomegranate trees. The samples were then collected at harvesting time after several treatments (two, three, and four treatments). After sample preparation progressed through the clean-up procedure, lufenuron, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin residues were analyzed via a HPCL-UVD, and the lambda-cyhalothrin residue was analyzed via a GC-${\mu}ECD$. The versatility of this method was evidenced by its excellent linearity (>0.9998 to 1) at broad concentration ranges. The mean recoveries evaluated from the untreated sample spiked with two different fortification levels ranged from 72.45 to 113.90%, and the repeatability (as a relative standard deviation) resulted from triplicate recovery tests was in a range from 0.80 to 11.75%. The residues of all insecticides determined from treated pomegranate samples and their LOD levels (lunfenuron, 0.01; lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.005; thiamethoxam, 0.01; clothianidin, 0.02 mg/kg) were much lower than their MRLs (0.5 mg/kg).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.62-72
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• 1995

During the controlled atmosphere storage (CA), fresh ginseng showed good appearance in quality, and other deterioration of freshness was not observed until 12 weeks. On the other hand, MA storage had kept freshness only in treatment of 1 until 8 weeks. There was no significant difference between treated and non-treated sample with preservatives, and not treated sample was not infected with various different fungi. Moisture contents and hardness of ginseng in all treatments were not changed much until 12 weeks, and surface shrinkage did not occur either. But shear stress increased somewhat in all treatments after 12 weeks. The granule of microstructure in tissue diminished slightly. The apparent Quality of red ginseng was good until 4 weeks of treatment. But as time passed, white skin and wrinkled skin were generated and darkened in its color. B-1 in CA and E-1 in MA were found to be the most favorable one. The content of crude saponin did not change significantly during storage of CA or MA by preservation conditions and period. Though a small increase in saponin content from 4.92% to 5.43% was recognized in B-1, which was treated with preservative and 6.0% In B-2, control, this could rather explain increment of soluble component by butanol. Thus, there was no change in total contents of ginsenoside pattern and composition of each content. The Rbl content in B-1 and B-2 were 0.98%, and 0.97%, respectively, whereas that of control was 0.96%. E-1 of MA, treated with preservative was 5.32% after 12 weeks, but was 5.73% in control, indicating that ginsenosides pattern was quite similar to that of CA storage.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2001

MBE를 이용하여 GaAs위에 InAs 양자점을 성장시키고 Ga, As, In, As의 순서로 셔터를 교대로 열어주는 방식으로 3주기 반복하여 InGaAs 층을 성장시키고 그 위에 다시 GaAs층을 성장시킨 시료(시료번호: QDl)에 대하여 온도를 변화시키며 열처리를 수행한 후 그 광학적 특성을 분석하였다. 기존의 다른 그룹들의 연구결과처럼, InAs 양자점을 성장시키고 GaAs 에피층을 barrier층으로 성장시킨 경우, 열처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 발광피크는 단파장쪽으로 이동하는 것을 확인하였다. 반면에, InGaAs층을 포함하고 있는 QDI 시료의 경우, 발광 피크의 위치가 열처리 온도가 $600^{\circ}C$가 될 때까지는 장파장 쪽으로 이동하다가, 그 이상의 온도에서는 단파장 쪽으로 이동하는 현상을 관찰하였다. 또한, 발광피크의 반치폭도 열처리 온도가 증가하면서 감소하는 경향을 보이다가 다시 증가되는 경향을 보이고 있다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface modifications on the bonding characteristics and cytotoxicity of specific titanium porcelain bonded to milling titanium and cast titanium. Milling titanium and cast titanium samples were divided into 8 test groups. These groups are as follow: i) sandblasted with particles of different size of $220{\mu}m\;and\;50{\mu}m$, ii) different sequences of sandblasting treatment and etching treatment, iii) etched with different etching solutions, and iv) preheated or not. The surface characteristics of specimens were characterized by the test of mean roughness of surface and SEM. The bond strength of titanium-ceramic systems was measured by using three-point bending test and SEM. The results show that the mean roughness of surface of sample sandblasted with $220{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide increased and bond strength were higher than sample sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. The mean roughness of surface decreased, but the bond strength increased when the samples sandblasted with $220{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide were preheated. The sample sandblasted with $220{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide after oxidized with occupational corrosive agent I (50% NaOH, 10% $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$) and II (35% $HNO_3$, 5% HF) showed higher bond strength than sample oxidized with 30% $HNO_3$ after sandblasted with $220{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. Group NaCuNF220SP (milling Ti: 35.3985 MPa, casting Ti: 37.2306 MPa) which was treated with occupational corrosive agent I (50% NaOH, 10% $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$) and II (35% $HNO_3$, 5% HF), followed by sandblasting with $220{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and preheating at $750^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour showed the highest bond strength and significant differences (P<0.05). The method for modifying surface of titanium showed excellent stability of cells.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.394-403
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• 1995

밀기울의 각종 열처리에 따른 밀기울의 화학적 구조 및 기능특성의 변화를 연구하였다. 사용한 열처리의 종류는 toasting, roasting, drum drying, autoclaving+drum drying, microwaving+drum drying, extrusion이였다. 열처리 공정에 의하여 가장 뚜렷한 차이를 보인 것은 수용성 식이섬유의 함량으로서 원료밀기울에 비하여 약 $40{\sim}110%$의 수용성 식이섬유가 증가하였다. 반면에 상대적으로 불용성 식이섬유의 함량도 감소하기 때문에 총 식이섬유 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한, 열처리에 의하여 용해도와 보수적이 증가한 반면에 보유력은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 용적밀도와 팽화도는 각각 보수력과 밀접한 관계를 보이지 않았으나, 이들의 곱은 보수력과 높은 상관관계$(R^2=0.94)$를 보였다. 그러나 수용성 성분을 배제한 불용성 성분의 보수력은 용적밀도와 팽화도와의 곱에도 거의 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 주사전자현미경에 의한 밀기울의 외형적 구조변화에 대한 관찰은 열처리에 따른 밀기울의 화학적 및 기능적 특징에 대한 결과를 잘 반영해주었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the factors responsible for the changed physiochemical properties of unpeeled shrimp treated in cold phosphate solution ($2{\sim}4^{\circ}C$) with the intervention of 4 factors: phosphate concentration, dipping time, rotation speed, and volume of brine solution. Response surface analysis was used to characterize the effect of the phosphate treatment on shrimps by running 33 treatments for optimizing the experiment. For each treatment, phosphate amount, moisture content, and weight gain were measured. The results showed that phosphate concentration is the most important factor than other factors for facilitating phosphate penetration in the meat of the shrimp and for getting the best result. The optimum condition of phosphate-treated shrimp in this study was 110 to 120 min dipping time, 500 to 550 mL brine solution for 100 g shrimp sample, and 190 to 210 rpm agitation speed. The studied conditions can be applied in fisheries and other food industries for good phosphate treatments.