• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.174-180
• /
• 2020

The mouse bioassay has been used widely for the monitoring of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in many countries. However, this method shows low sensitivity and high limit of detection (LOD), as well as it cannot confirm toxic profiles. Recently, LC-MS/MS method was studied for the quantitative of PSTs, however, the method has any problems with unstable retention times by ionization suppression caused by high salt concentration in shellfish extracts. To establish an alternative method for PSTs analysis, we tried to original LC-MS/MS methods adding desalting operation using amorphous graphitized polymer carbon solid-phase extraction cartridges. The method validation was conducted to determine linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision in quantifying PSTs. The correlation coefficients for all tested PSTs maintained over 0.999. The LODs and LOQs for all PSTs were about 0.19-1.05 ㎍/kg and 0.58-3.18 ㎍/kg, respectively. The accuracies for PSTs were 95.4-107.7% for saxitoxin group, 97.1-100.9% for gonyautoxin group, 99.0-100.8% for N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin group, and 96.8-104.6% for decarbamoyl toxin group. These results indicate that the modified LC-MS/MS method was appropriate for analyzing the PSTs in shellfish and tunicates.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 2002

To isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria having superior inhibitory activities against animal gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, 130 strains were initially isolated from the small intestines of Korean native chickens and 7 lactic acid bacteria were finally selected. By using API CHL kit and 16S rRNA sequencing method, the selected lactic acid bacteria were found to be belonged to genus Lactobacillus except BD14 identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus. Especially, Lactobacillus pentosus K34 showed the highest resistancy to both of HCl and bile salt, as well as the highest inhibitory activities against S. gallinarum, S. aureus and E. coli. All the selected strains were sensitive to various antibiotics such as neomycin, erythromycin, cephalosporin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, but resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the selected strains except BL strain were resistant to colistin and streptomycin, and BD14, BD16, K34 strains were resistant to gentamicin.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2015

This paper mainly focuses on the research of the monitoring data about the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) of ten monitoring points of Hongze Lake in 28 years. Our study adopts the technical methods such as difference comparison, correlation analysis, Mann-Kendall, etc. to analyze the statistical characteristics, regional differences, and temporal and spatial variation condition of ten monitoring points of Hongze Lake in 1986-2013 as well as the reason for the time and space variation of TN and TP. The results show that the TN and TP of Hongze Lake change dramatically during the period of 1994-2004. In all the monitoring periods, TN and TP of the HZ5, HZ6, HZ7, HZ8 monitoring points in the estuary surrounding the Huaihe River are the highest, which suggests that TN and TP of Hongze Lake should not be ignored for the pollution along the Huaihe River. The TN concentration in the core area is the highest, but that in the development control area is the lowest. In most of the years, TN concentration is higher than 2 mg/L, and the water quality is V class and poor V class water quality in China's Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). TP concentration of the three areas is basically close, that is lower than 2 mg/L in most of the years, and the water quality is within the V class. The TN and TP concentration of Hongze Lake decreased and intensifying trend of eutrophication is controlled after 2004.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.29 no.11
• /
• pp.1729-1738
• /
• 2019

In sourdough fermentation, lactic acid bacteria perform important roles in the production of volatile and antimicrobial compounds, and exerting health-promoting effects. In this study, we report the probiotic properties and baking characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum SPC-SNU 72-2 isolated from kimchi. This strain is safe to use in food fermentation as it does not carry genes for biogenic amine production (i.e., hdc, tdc, and ldc) and shows no β-hemolytic activity against red blood cells. The strain is also stable under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions, showing tolerance to gastric acid and bile salt, and adheres well to colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, this strain prevents pathogen growth and activates mouse peritoneal macrophages by inducing cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12. Furthermore, the strain possesses good baking properties, providing rich aroma during dough fermentation and contributing to the enhancement of bread texture. Taken together, L. plantarum SPC-SNU 72-2 has the properties of a good starter strain based on the observation that it improves bread flavor and texture while also providing probiotic effects comparable with commercial strains.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2000

Gel polymer electrolytes were prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene)[P(VdF-co-HFP)] that had higher mechanical properties as well as higher dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$=8~13) than other polymeric matrix. Mechanical properties and ionic conductivities have been investigated as a function of blend ratio of electrolyte solution and polymer matrix. Ethylene carbonate (EC)/${\gamma}$-butyrolactone (${\gamma}$-BL) and lithium triflate (LiCF$_3$SO$_3$) were used as solvent and salt, respectively. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, compression modulus, and dynamic shear modulus were evaluated. The highest ionic conductivity was 1.09$\times$10$^{-3}$ S/cm for PVH40 containing 28.6 wt% of P(VdF-co-HFP) at $25^{\circ}C$. Tensile strength, tensile modulus and compression modulus were increased with P(VdF-co-HFP) content and abruptly changed between PVH70 and PVH80. Dynamic shear moduli showed a typical gel behavior and changed with shear strain.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2018.10a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 2018

Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is well known for its salt and drought stress tolerance and high nutritional value, but very limited knowledge of genetic variation and genomic information is available. This study was to develop highly polymorphic EST-SSR markers based on cross-species transferability of derived SSRs from switchgrass EST databases and characterize newly developed EST - SSRs to better understand the genetic diversity of collected 37 germplasm accessions of little millet. A total of 779 primer pairs were designed from the 22,961 EST sequences of switchgrass (Pancium virgatum), of which 48 EST - SSR markers were developed based on the trials of transferability of these primers in little millet. The EST - SSR amplicons showed reproducible single band polymorphism and produced a total of 160 alleles with an average of 3.3 alleles per locus in 37 accessions of little millet. T he average values of expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.266 and 0.123, respectively. T he polymorphic information content (PIC) values were observed in range of 0.026 to 0.549 with an average of 0.240. The genetic relatedness among the little millet accessions was evaluated by neighbor-joining dendrogram, which grouped all accessions into two distinct groups. The validation thus demonstrated the utility of the switchgrass EST - SSR markers in assessing genomic relationships in little millet. T he findings from this study could be useful for designing strategies for the identification of diverse germplasm for conservation and future molecular breeding programs for little millet.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2015

Objectives : Positive effects of Ginseng has great research attentions such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiaging, liver, immune function, CNS, etc. In this study, we investigated Hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisto establish fermentation conditions for enhancing functionality.Methods : Ginseng Folium were cultivated hydroponic-cultured and were extracted with methanol. We inoculateBacillus subtilisfor fermentation by adding to 0%, 3% and 5% sugar respectively and checked antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and total saponin content in 2 days intervals during 11 days. The antioxidant activities were studied by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. We analyzed the Total phenol content, crude saponin content and ginsenoside content. Moreever, Hepatoprotective effects by Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and Glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in Sprague-Dawley rat.Results : The results of DPPH and ABTS were 66.89% and 96.72%, respectively. The reducing power was resulted in optical density of 0.7312 with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation. and the concentration at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenol content was 36.92㎎/g with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation, in which crude saponin content wasn't changed, and ginsenoside content such as Rg3, Re and Rb was increased. Activities of GOT and GPT concentration were decreased in rat.Conclusions : This study suggests that hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisin 9 days showed significant efficacy of hepato-protection as well as antioxidant compared to the others. In addition, it shows not only improved value but also utilized hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium by fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.146-157
• /
• 2019

This study, as a pilot study to implement and extend the marine healing which has been rapidly extending oversea areas into the domestic market, has collected seven major marine healing resources such as ocean water, sand, salt, mud, seaweeds, forest, and weather targeting selected four pilot municipalities and established a GIS DB. Furthermore, web GIS based marine healing portal has been established to support the easier utilization of the GIS DB and various marine healing related contents, thereby facilitating expansion of related industry. The portal includes marine thematic maps as well as research papers, related therapy manuals, and various activities and programs of the pilot municipalities. It is expected that the portal would contribute to the expansion of the domestic marine healing industry significantly through the pilot operation of the portal, not to mention of the needs of subsequent studies for expansion of the marine GIS DB and securing more various contents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.168-175
• /
• 2017

This study surveyed the status of recognition, effort, and satisfaction of customers on a low-sodium diet in industry foodservice. For recognition related to sodium intake, 34.6% answered 'sure' for awareness of WHO's recommended daily sodium intake. Recognition of healthiness of low-sodium diet scored an average of $3.77{\pm}0.8$. The most frequent dietary effort related to low-sodium diet was 'I leave the broth of soup/stew (23.7%)', and the most common reason for not making an effort related to low-sodium diet was 'I often eat out (25.2%)'. Recognition of saltiness of foodservice meals was $2.84{\pm}0.69$, and the saltiest food was 'kimchi (30.4%)', followed by 'side dish (17.9%)', 'soup/stew (16.8%)', and 'sauce (8.3%)'. Satisfaction of low-sodium foodservice meal was $3.04{\pm}0.71$. Reasons for recognition of saltiness of foodservice meal were mostly 'appropriate' or 'prefer less salty (86%)'. In the analysis of satisfaction of low-sodium foodservice meal according to occupation, satisfaction of 'level of saltiness ($F=5.046^{**}$)' scored an average of $3.18{\pm}0.72$, with the highest satisfaction from 'professionals'. Satisfaction of 'dietary behaviors related to sodium ($F=3.534^{**}$)' scored an average of $3.95{\pm}0.59$, with the highest satisfaction from 'government employees (p<0.01)'. These study results show that despite recognition of the healthiness of a low-sodium diet, efforts toward practicing the diet were less than adequate. Further, 25% felt that foodservice meal was a blend, whereas satisfaction of low-sodium diet was only 19%. Therefore, continuous education and advertisements are necessary in order to raise awareness as well as developing more concrete methods during preparation of meals, such as using a salt meter.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.120-127
• /
• 2007

In any developing nation major investment goes for infrastructure and it is not exception in India. Good numbers of buildings, bridges, shopping malls, car parks etc. are coming up with steel for sustainable development. Thus protecting the structures from corrosion are the challenges faced by professionals for all types of steel structures. About 3% of GDP is accounted for loss due to corrosion. To combat this up to date corrosion map is called for as the country has wide variation of climatic zones with vastcoastline. Logically organic paint system can be prescribed based on the corrosion rate on bare steel with respect to environment. Present paper will emphasis on the study conducted on two types of structural steel coated with organic paint located in twomarine environment having been exposed for three years, Test coupons made from steels both bare and coated are deployed at two field stations having marine (Digha) and industrial marine (Channai) environments. Various tests like AC impedance DC corrosion, polarisation, salt spray test, $SO_2$ chamber and Raman spectroscopy were carried out both in laboratory on fresh as well as coupons collected from exposure sites. Rust formed on the bare and scribed coated coupons are investigated. It is found that normal marine environment at Digha exhibits higher corrosion rate than polluted marine environment in Channai. Rust analysis indicates formation of ${\propto}$-FeoOH protects or reduces corrosion rate at Channai and formation of non-protective ${\gamma}$-FeoOH increases corrosion rate at Digha. The slower corrosion rate in Channai than at Digha is attributed due to availability of $SO_2$, in the environment, which converts non‐protective rust ${\gamma}$-FeoOH to protective rust ${\propto}$-FeoOH. While comparing the damage on the coated panels it is found that low alloy structural steel provides less damage than plain carbon steel. From the experimentations a suitable paint system specification is drawn for identical environments for low medium and high durability.