• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.51-56
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• 2002

Protection against salt attack in seawater is obtained by using a dense, quality concrete with a low water-cement ratio, and a components appropriate for producing concrete having the needed salt resistance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feature of corrosion with using the various concrete materials under marine exposure environment. According to the test results, slag powder and anti -corrosion inhibitor showed high chloride resistance effect. Also concre crack have an influence on corrosion of steel in spite of mixed design for salt resistance concrete. The requirement for low permeability is essential not only to delay the effect of salt attack, but also to afford adquate protection to reinforcement with admixtures.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.527-534
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• 1997

Freezing of an aqueous sodium cWoride solution (Nacl- H20) saturating a packed bed with ini¬tial salt concentrations of 5, 10, 15(k by weight is investigated experimentally in a rectangular cav¬ity. The system was cooled from the top, bottom and a vertical side wall. For the freezing experi¬ments from below, there was little effect of the initial salt concentration throughout the freezing process, and the global freezing rate was not affected by the initial salt concentration. For the freezing from above, the size of the mush region decreased and the mushlliquid interface became flatter as the initial liquid concentration is decreased. For the freezing from vertical side wall, reheating of the mixture was intensified with an increase in the initial salt concentration. For Ci= 5%, supercooling was observed only at the early times of freezing process, but for Ci= 15% small supercooling was observed throughout the freezing process.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.814-817
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• 2004

Deterioration due to de-icer salt occurs in practice in concrete pavement, dike, barrier and similar structure. This paper reports the results of effect of de-icer salt on. durability of concrete structure in winter. To protect concrete structure from damage by de-icer salt in winter, the exposure test was performed using three countermeasures such as increase in design strength upto $350kg/cm^2$, application of ggbf slag powder, and concrete sealer. Of these, the method of increase in design strength upto $350kg/cm^2$ showed better durability for deterioration by de-icer salt.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of salt formation on the percutaneous absorption of meloxicam through hairless mouse skin from a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrix. In addition, the influences of enhancers on the permeation of meloxicam or meloxicam-ethanolamine (MX-EA) salts across the hairless mouse skin were evaluated using a flow-through diffusion cell system. The salt formation of meloxicam resulted in lower permeation rate than the parent drug. $Span^{(R)}$ 80 provided the highest enhancing effect for meloxicam and meloxicam monoethanolamine salt. The maximum amount of the drug that can be loaded without retarding permeation rate was different depending on the compound. No relationship was found between the fluxes of meloxicam or MX-EA salts from saturated solutions and those from PSA matrices containing the same enhancer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.907-912
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• 1999

In this study, removal effect of residue pesticides on vegetable and fruit using organic acid salt in alkali solution were investigated by gas chromatography and measurement of detergency. Generally, for the removal methods of residue pesticides and oily pollution were used chemical detergent or organic solvent. Specially, in our experiment, we only used material of food additives and trisodium citrate were superior to other organic acid salt. It was investigated that removal effect of pesticides was superior to chemical detergent.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

Marine dredged soils taken from navigation channels or construction sites of coastal area usually have a lot of salt in pores of clayey soils. This paper investigates effect of salt on mechanical characteristics of non-salt and salt-rich stabilized dredged soil. The stabilized dredged soil (SDS) consisted of dredged soil and cement. Several pairs of SDS with non-salt and salt-rich dredged soils, noted as N-SDS and S-SDS, respectively, were prepared to compare their strengths and compressibility characteristics. The microstructures, strength and compressibility characteristics of N-SDS and S-SDS specimens at 7 and 28 days of curing time were evaluated using scanning electronic microscope (SEM), unconfined compression test, and oedometer test. It was found that salt concentration of clayey soil affected not only the formation of soil structure but also the strength development of mixture. The compression index and swelling index of S-SDS were also greater than those of N-SDS, which indicated that the compressibility of mixture increased due to salt concentration. Salinity in clayey soil had a negative effect on the strength development and compressibility characteristics of stabilized dredged soils.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1240-1249
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• 2008

Kamigingansikpung-tang(KGST) has been used for many years as a therapeutic agent for acute stage of cerebrovascular disease and hypertension in oriental medicine. But the effect of KGST on hypertension and vascular system is not well-known. This study was done to investigate the effects of KGST on hypertension. The results were obtained as follow: KGST showed scavenging activity on DPPH free radical. KGST showed the inhibitory effect on ROS and ACE, and the accelerated SOD activity. KGST significantly decreased the blood pressure and pulse in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rat. KGST significantly decreased the levels of aldosterone in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rat. KGST significantly decreased the levels of dopamine, epinephrine in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rat. KGST significantly decreased the levels of potassium(K+) and chloride(Cl-) in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rat. KGST significantly decreased the levels of uric acid and creatine in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rat. KGST has an effect on inhibiting cell damage of the heart, liver, kidney, and adrenal gland. results suggest that KGST might be effective in treatment and prevention of hypertension.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 1999

Bamboo salt has been used for the purpose of precaution and treatment of certain diseases including cancer. Therefore, present study was carried out to ascertain the effects of bamboo salt upon anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic activities as well. To examine the anti-cancer activity of bamboo salt, ICR mice implanted with 1$\times$l0$^{6}$ cells of sarcoma 180 intraperitoneally had been treated daily with bamboo salt A, crude salt, and reagent-grade NaCl (0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg, p.o.) for 60 days using adriamycin (2 mg/kg) as a positive control. Neither survival rate nor body weight had been significantly influenced by all the treatments indicating that bamboo salt A did not exert the anti-cancer effect on ICR mice. Anti-hypertensive activity was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) which had been administered with bamboo salt A, crude salt, and reagent-grade NaCl (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% in drinking water) for 28 days using hydralazin (2 mg/kg) as a positive control. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at 1, 3, and 4 weeks after the starting date. Significant anti-hypertensive activity was not observed in any treated group compared to the positive control group. In order to determine if bamboo salt had anti-diabetic activity, rats in which diabetes had been induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.m.) were treated daily with bamboo salt A, crude salt, and reagent-grade NaCl (0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg, p.o.) for 28 days using insulin (50 U/kg, s.c..) as a positive control. Blood samples were taken and analyzed at 1,2, and 4 weeks after the starting date. Bamboo salt did not cause any decreasing effect on the blood glucose levels. These results clearly demonstrated that bamboo salt A did not exert anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, or anti-diabetic activities in the present experimental animals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the diuretic effects of Erythritol (ET) salt on urinary electrolyte excretion in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Methods: Animals were divided into two groups: Salt group (n = 7) and Salt + ET fed group (n = 7). Animals were provided food and water ad libitum. Supplements were administered orally to animals for one week. Results: Body weights were not statistically different between groups either on Day 1 or Day 7. However, water consumption of the Salt + ET group was significantly higher than that of the Salt group on Day 1 and Day 7. Urine volume of the Salt + ET group was approximately 27% and 38% higher than that of the Salt group on Day 1 and Day 7. In addition, we found that the total amounts of urinary electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, of the Salt + ET group were significantly higher than those of the Salt group on Day 7. We also found that serum electrolyte concentrations did not differ between two groups. These results demonstrated that salt intake with ET was effective in increasing urinary electrolyte excretion, which might be caused by higher water intake and diuretic effect inhibiting reabsorption of water, sodium, and potassium in renal tubules. Conclusion: The results suggest that short-term supplementation of ET salt can be a potential diuretic agent by inhibiting sodium and potassium reabsorption and inducing loss of water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.13-14
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• 2011

Reinforced concrete structures are damaged by concrete carbonation, salt attack, and sulfate attack. The evaluation of the amount of chloride ion from the sea is very important to assess the life expectancy of Reinforced Concrete structures. The incoming salt collector which is developed in Japan has been used until the present, Unfortunately, the incoming salt collector has had a bad reputation which is caused by backward wind. The wind from backward causes the reduction of the amount of collected salt in collector's gauze. The collector was developed for excluding the effect of backward wind. The performance of it was verified from analytic and experimental methods.