• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2009

This study examined the halophyte community and soil analysis according to habitat in representative 18 salt marshes of southern and western coasts of Korea from July 2006 to April 2008 and suggested basic materials for vegetational restoration of these aras. First, the survey area was classified into coastal and estuarine marshes. Then, the coastal marshes were classified into clay marsh, sand gravel marsh, and sand marsh, and the esturarine marshes, into salt swamp and estuary marsh. Major plant communities according to habitat pattern were Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda japonica community in the clay marsh; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Carex scabrifolia, Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia fukudo, Suaeda martima community in the sand gravel marsh; Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, and Vitex rotundifolia community in the sand mars; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Suaeda martima, and Carex scabrifolia community in the salt swamp, and Suaeda japonica, Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda asparagoides community in the estuary marsh. The soil environment of halophyte community area showed a difference to soil and halophyte community according to habitat characteristics of halophyte. Thus, to restore salt mashes in the coast area, it is advantageous for the stable settlement, germination, and growth of halophyte to grasp physical and physicochemical characteristics of habitat soil in the salt marshes, to select halophyte suitable to these habitat conditions, and to expand gradually in the natural vegetation area after transplantation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2013

The objectives in the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a sodium salts mixture against Salmonella gallinarum infection in broiler. Of this study, sixty broilers at two weeks of age (body weight, $450{\pm}35$ g) were used to estimate the efficacy of a sodium salts mixture (3.25 mg sodium azide, 2.45 mg sodium cyanide, 0.8 g sodium chlorate) against Salmonella gallinarum infection in broiler with drinking water. Broilers challenged with S. gallinarum were administered with ${\times}$ 1(group I) and ${\times}$ 2(group II) sodium salt mixture for seven days, and cecal content samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after administration. Changes in body weight and cecal shedding of S. gallinarum were monitored during the experimental period. All groups treated with the sodium salt mixture slightly increased body weight compared to control group but there is no significant difference. At 7th day after administration, the number of S. gallinarum in group I and II was significantly decreased compared to control group (p < 0.001). In the hematological and blood biochemical analysis, values of parameters were not significantly different between the treated groups and control group. From results of the present study, the sodium salt mixture had therapeutic effect on S. gallinarum infection in broilers.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Analysis of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence implicated treatment of 40 mM NaCl decreased maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of PSII (${\Phi}_{PSII}$), and photochemical quenching (qP) in rice, but increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Decreases in Fv/Fm, ${\Phi}_{PSII}$, and qP were significantly alleviated by $30\;{\mu}M$ jasmonic acid (JA), while NPQ increase was enhanced. Transcription levels of antioxidant isoenzyme genes were differentially modulated by NaCl treatment. Expression of cCuZn-SOD2 gene increased, while those of cAPXb, CATb, and CATc genes decreased. JA prevented salt-induced decrease of pCuZn-SOD gene expression, but caused greater decrease in mRNA levels of cAPXa and Chl_tAPX genes. Investigation of vacuolar $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger (NHX2) and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene expressions revealed transcription level of NHX2 gene was increased by JA, regardless of NaCl presence, while that of P5CS gene slightly increased only in co-presence of JA and NaCl. Unlike JA, ${\gamma}$-radiation rarely affected expressions of antioxidant isoenzyme, NHX2, and P5CS genes, except for increase in mRNA level of Chl_tAPX and decrease in that of pCuZn-SOD. These results demonstrate enhanced salt-tolerance in JA-treated rice seedlings may be partly due to high transcription levels of pCuZn-SOD, NHX2, and P5CS genes under salt stress.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.60-70
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• 1999

Changes in the nutritional components of Toha-jeot, salt-fermented Toha shrimp (Caridina denticulata denticulata $D_EH_{AAN}$), which was salted with a low-salt group of 15% sodium chloride (L), a high-salt group of 23% sodium chloride (H), a 50% conventional soybean sauce group (S) during long fermentation were investigated. These three groups were refrigerated at ${4\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and then taken out for analysis at three month intervals during 9 month. Even in the process of a long fermentation, the moisture containment of Toha-jeot in group L and S is 76.0~73.6% and in group H it is 70.0%, which are similar in all three groups. In case of the salinity, there was no change in groups L, H but it was lowered in group S during the fermentation. In all groups there was no change of pH. The free amino acid contents in Toha-jeot, of which ornitine, glutamic acid, leucine, alanine, lysine and valine occupy the majority, in order of abundance, increased gradually up to six months of fermentation and decreased by nine months. But free amino acid contents of S group increased continuously during the fermentation process. Hypoxanthine was altered almost among other nucleotides. ATP was not detected, IMP and inosine had disappeared after the six months for mentation. ADP was not detected after the nine months fermentation. Monoene, polyene and n-3 fatty acids were increased and saturated fatty acids were decreased in L and H groups. However, no changes of fatty acid contents in S group during fermentation were showed. The fatty acid contents of three groups, of which $C_{18:1},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1}$ and $C_{20:5}$ occupy the majority, Mineral content of Toha-jeot is mainly consisted of Na, Ca, K and Mg. In the Hunter values, the redness of L group was superior to that of other groups.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.481-485
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• 2005

The response of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis to high salt stress was investigated by incubating the cells in light of moderate intensity in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl. NaCl caused a decrease in photosystem II (PSII) mediated oxygen evolution activity and increase in photosystem I (PSI) activity and the amount of P700. Similarly maximal efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and variable fluorescence (Fv/Fo) were also declined in salt-stressed cells. Western blot analysis reveal that the inhibition in PSII activity is due to a 40% loss of a thylakoid membrane protein, known as D1, which is located in PSII reaction center. NaCl treatment of cells also resulted in the alterations of other thylakoid membrane proteins: most prominently, a dramatic diminishment of the 47-kDa chlorophyll protein (CP) and 94-kDa protein, and accumulation of a 17-kDa protein band were observed in SDS-PAGE. The changes in 47-kDa and 94-kDa proteins lead to the decreased energy transfer from light harvesting antenna to PSII, which was accompanied by alterations in the chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of whole cells and isolated thylakoids. Therefore we conclude that salt stress has various effects on photosynthetic electron transport activities due to the marked alterations in the composition of thylakoid membrane proteins.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 1995

To establish the quality criteria of low-salt fermented seafoods in terms of consumer acceptability, sensory assessment and physicochemical analysis were undertaken using commercial products. In case of low-salt fermented Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) roe, Brix over $47.6\%$ for unseasoned products and $41.2\%$ for seasoned ones were considered as acceptable products. In spite of some variations between manufacturers, increase in whiteness was observed as consumer acceptability was decreased. In contrast, whiteness was not suitable criteria for low-salt fermented squid (Sepiella maindroni). Brix can be used as good criteria as long as its relationship was established to acceptability of different products; pH also showed the same tendency as Brix. In case of low-salt fermented Alaska pollack tripe, Brix was likely to be the best criteria; whiteness, in addition, could be used as quality criteria.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.180-188
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• 2006

We examined the effect of salt marsh vegetation on the benthic environment in macro-tidal flats at Donggeomdo, Ganghwa, on the west coast of Korea. Nine stations were established along a transect across the tidal flats, including salt marsh, and field sampling was conducted monthly from July 1997 to June 1998. During the study period, environmental parameters fluctuated as follows: salinity, 15.0 to 28.2 psu, exposure time, 613 to 702 hr/m, inundation time, 28 to 117 hr/m, sediment organic carbon, 0.71 to 1.34%, nitrogen, 0.07 to 0.16%, sulfur from 0.07 to 0.22%, mean grain size from 6.3 to $6.9{\phi}$, water content from 19.4 to 44.4%, water temperature from 4.4 to $20.4^{\circ}C$ and temperature of the surface sediments, 2.7 to $31.1^{\circ}C$, in total, seven halophyte species were sampled and found to be vertically distributed across the tidal levels. Carer scabrifolia, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum and Phragmites communis dominated the upper zone of the salt marsh, Juncus haenkei, Triglochin maritimum and P. communis dominated the middle zone, and Suaeda japonica predominated in the lower area. Principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling revealed that the zonation of halophytes was related to environmental variables such as salinity and exposure time. The halophyte communities were likely related to the organic content of the surface sediment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical contents (sugar, nitrogen, and amino acids) and sensory characteristics of traditional soy sauce according to three different methods. The samples were taken from four different periods (0, 20, 40, and 60 days after fermentation). Total sugar contents increased in all groups according to ripening period, and Gyupjang (G) showed the highest sugar content among the groups. Total nitrogen and amino acid contents of all groups increased after 60 days of ripening, and Gyupjang (G) and Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) had higher total nitrogen content compared to Chungjang (S) at the same period. The results from the sensory evaluation show that preferable sensory characteristics, such as color preferences, sweetness, umami taste, and overall preference, were significantly higher in Gyupjang (G) and Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) than in Chungjang (S). Preferable sensory characteristics had significantly high positive correlation with most amino acids, total nitrogen, and sugar contents, except for glutamine. Based on the significant difference in preferable sensory characteristics between Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) and Chungjang (S), Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) can be used to improve sensory characteristics. This research implies that adding salt water during the manufacturing Gyupjang process is advisable to yield high quality soy sauce.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2003

Proline is known as an osmotrotectant to enhance tolerance against both salt and dehydration stresses. A P5CS ($\Delta^1$-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) plays a major role in regulation of synthesis of proline. An overexpression of the mothbean P5CS gene in transgenic tobacco plant increased the levels of proline and osmotolerance. In an attempt to look for the possibility to use content of proline as well as a level of P5CS gene expression as molecular markers for salt tolerance, the amounts of proline and transcript levels of P5CS were measured as functions of either concentration of NaCl or length of treatment period among different species of zoysiagrass. Hybridzoysia showed the highest level of proline ($329\mu\textrm{g}$/g.f.w.) among five different species of zoysiagrass at 250 mM NaCl in 24 hours. The level of P5CS transcript was also the highest in the hybridzoysia at 250 mM NaCl in 24 hours. The transcriptions of P5CS gene were induced at the rates of 1.2, 1.2, 1.8, and 1.8, upon treatment of 250 mM NaCl in Z. japonica, Z. matrella, Z. sinica and hybridzoysia respectively. Based on a correlation between the level of P5CS transcript and the proline content among different species of zoysiagrass, a comparative structural analysis of the gene for P5CS from either Z. sinica or hybridzoysia may lead to an understanding of mechanism for salt tolerance shown differently among zoysiagrasses.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.422-426
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• 2004

Solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol)-polyurethane (PEG-PU) complexed with LiClO$_4$ salt have been prepared by the solvent casting method. A PEG-PU material (PEG:4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: l,4-butanediol = 1:2:1) was synthesized through a typical two-step condensation reaction. We investigated the effects of the salt concentration on the ionic conductivity ($\sigma$) and the glass transition temperature (T$_{g}$ ) of the complex electrolytes by using alternating current impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The measured values of both $\sigma$ and T$_{g}$ exhibited similar tendencies in that they had maxima within the range studied, probably because of two opposite effects, i.e., the increased number of carrier ions and the decreased chain mobility (or increased T$_{g}$ ) caused by the increase in the salt concentration. The highest conductivity, on the order of 2.43 ${\times}$ 10$^{6}$ S$cm^{-1}$ /, was obtained at an [O]/[Li$^{+}$] ratio of ca. 16 (0.92 ㏖ salt per kg of matrix polymer).