• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2011

High salinity is a common stress condition that adversely affects plant growth and crop production. In response to various environmental stresses, plants activate a number of defense genes that function to increase the tolerance. To isolate Arabidopsis genes that are involved in abiotic stress responses, we carried out genetic screening using various mutant lines. Among them, the blh8 ($\b{B}$EL1-$\b{L}$ike $\b{H}$omeodomain $\underline{8}$) mutant specifically shows chlorotic phenotypes to ionic (specifically, $Na^+$ and $K^+$) stresses, but no differences in root growth. In addition, BLH8 is related to plant development and abiotic stress as predicted by a Graphical Gaussian Model (GGM) network program. It implies that BLH8 functions as a putative transcription factor related to abiotic stress responses. Collectively, our results show that gene network analysis is a useful tool for isolating genes involved in stress adaptation in plants.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1023-1035
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• 2015

This study applies 3-D N-S solver based on PBM (Porous Body Model), LED-WASS-3D ver 2.0 to directly analyze non-linear interaction of seawater-freshwater-coastal aquifer in order to simulate the seawater infiltration into coastal aquifer. This numerical simulation is the first trial in Korea, as well as unusual and new numerical analysis abroad. Firstly, to validate the applied numerical model, the validity and effectiveness was verified for the numerical model by comparing and considering it with the result of laboratory experiment for seawater-freshwater interface in coastal aquifer. And then it simulated the seawater infiltration into coastal aquifer considering the changed levels of seawater and groundwater in order to analyze the distribution characteristics of flow field and seawater-freshwater interface of coastal aquifer as the level difference between seawater and groundwater and rate of seawater level (${\Delta}h/h$) increased. In addition, the characteristics of seawater infiltration were analyzed from the vertical salinity in the coastal aquifer by ${\Delta}h/h$, which cannot be obtained from existing non-diffusion numerical models. Finally, it analyzed the effect of ${\Delta}h/h$ on the seawater infiltration distance in coastal aquifer, which was indexed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1971

This experiment was conducted as a preliminary test to invent the quick ripening process for soysauces. The bran koji extract of 2 kinds of mold (Asp. niger and Asp. sojae) was used as enzyme sources in order to improve the rate of enzymatic conversion of raw materials and shorten the ripening period of soysauces. Soybean koji (inoculated Asp. sojae) and steamed soybean were enzymatically decomposed for 8 hours at $40^{\circ}C$, pH 4-6 with stirring at a rate of 1500 rpm. After the enzymatic treatment, soysauces were fermented by 4 kinds of processes with the above-mentioned salt tolerant microorganisms inoculated. After 4 weeks, sensory evolution for these soysauces products and analysis of chemical components were carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Soysauces prepared from decomposed koji by Asp. niger enzyme complex showed higher extractables, such as total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, pure extract and reducing sugar, than any other procedure. Extracted amounts of each components of soysauces prepared from this process during 1 month were similar to those of soysauces made from general procedure (control) for 5 to 6 months. 2. According to sensory evaluation, soysauce prepared from decomposed koji also showed best taste and were similar to that of soysauces prepared by general method for 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.724-731
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• 1990

The fermentation process of Andong Sickhae including optimal composition of the product was investigated. Through sensory evaluation and ingredient analysis of ten samples prepared in the laboratory and the samples collected from Andong region, we found that the ratio of ingredient of the product by weigh are as follow : [glutinous rice(80) : malt(50) : radish(100) : water(500) : ginger(8) : red pepper(4)]. The level of nitrogen compound turned out to be low while that of soluble protein and salt soluble protein was high. The content of total sugar and reducing sugar was found to be considerable high and among the free sugar, maltose was the highest(80%), followed by glucose and maltotriose. Activities of acid protease and saccharogenic amylase were 1.55 unit per milliliter and $12.5D^{40}_{30}^{\circ}$ respectively. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the good Andong Sickhae turned out to have well harmonized taste of flavor, sweetness and sourness while the color looked slightly red.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.139-143
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• 2016

This study investigated the effect of electron beam (EB) treatment on the microbial reduction of dried laver (Porphyra tenera) and identified EB-resistant bacteria from the treated dried laver. After EB treatments of 4 kGy and 7 kGy, the numbers of total bacteria and EB-resistant bacteria were measured using tryptic soy agar and mannitol salt agar, respectively. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of each isolated EB-resistant bacteria were investigated and these bacteria were identified. Compared to the control ($1.5{\pm}0.2){\times}10^6CFU/g$, the total bacterial number was significantly decreased to ($5.4{\pm}0.5){\times}10^4CFU/g$ and ($1.1{\pm}0.6){\times}10^4CFU/g$ after EB treatments of 4 kGy and 7 kGy, respectively. With a higher EB dosage, the number of red colonies was almost same, whereas the number of yellow colonies was significantly decreased to ($3.3{\pm}1.2){\times}10^3CFU/g$ and 0 CFU/g for 4 kGy and 7 kGy, respectively. All red and yellow colonies were gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive, and resistant to 3% and 5% NaCl media. From the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, yellow and red colonies were identified as either Micrococcus flavus or M. luteus, with 99% similarity for the yellow colonies, and Deinococcus proteolyticus and D. piscis, with 99% and 97% similarity for the red colonies, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2009

As a substitute for CCA, which is inhibited due to its environmental pollution and human harmfulness, and CuAz and ACQ with a high cost, okara-based wood preservatives were formulated with okara hydrolyzates using copper sulfate and/or borax as a metal salt. The efficacy of the preservatives and X-ray microanalysis of wood specimens treated with the preservatives were examined to confirm the potential of the okara-based wood preservatives. Most of the preservatives showed excellent decay resistance against brown-rot fungi, Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The efficacy was improved when the acid concentration and temperature used for the hydrolysis of okara increased. In addition, when borax was added into copper sulfate/okara hydrolyzates preservative formulations, any decay was not found in the specimens. From the microscopic observation of the specimens treated with okara-based wood preservatives, it seems that okara is contributed to the fixing of metal salts in wood blocks. Therefore, it is speculated that okara-based wood preservatives can effectively protect wood against fungal attack as CuAz, and that the preservatives are sufficient to use as an alternative wood preservative of CCA, ACQ and CuAz.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2006

Pseudomonas putida KL47 is a natural isolate that assimilates benzene, 1-alkylbenzene $(C_1-C_4)$, biphenyl, p-cumate, and p-cymene. The genetic background of strain KL47 underlying the broad range of growth substrates was examined. It was found that the cym and cmt operons are constitutively expressed due to a lack of the cymR gene, and the tod operon is still inducible by toluene and biphenyl. The entire array of gene clusters responsible for the catabolism of toluene and p-cymene/p-cumate has been cloned in a cosmid vector, pLAFR3, and were named pEK6 and pEK27, respectively. The two inserts overlap one another and the nucleotide sequence (42,505 bp) comprising the cym, cmt, and tod operons and its flanking genes in KL47 are almost identical (>99 %) to those of P. putida F1. In the cloned DNA fragment, two genes with unknown functions, labeled cymZ and cmtR, were newly identified and show high sequence homology to dienelactone hydrolase and CymR proteins, respectively. The cmtR gene was identified in the place of the cmtI gene of previous annotation. Western blot analysis showed that, in strains F1 and KL47, the todT gene is not expressed during growth on Luria Bertani medium. In minimal basal salt medium, expression of the todT gene is inducible by toluene, but not by biphenyl in strain F1; however, it is constantly expressed in strain KL47, indicating that high levels of expression of the todST genes with one amino acid substitution in TodS might provide strain KL47 with a means of adaptation of the tod catabolic operon to various aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.56-61
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• 1985

The mass balances of calcium salts during the manufacturing processes of Tofu were established by conductometric method and chemical analysis method. During the manufacturing processes of soy milk and Tofu, 66% of solid and 63% of calcium was transfered from soy-bean to the soy milk, and 47.8% of total solid from soybean was transfered to the Tofu, respectively. When the $CaCl_2$ was used as coagulant, calcium contents in Tofu $(Y_{Tofu},\;mg{\cdot}Ca/g{\cdot}Tofu,\;wet\;basis)$ and drained solution $(Y_{drained\;soln},\;mg{\cdot}Ca/ml{\cdot}drained\;soln.)$ were linearly increased with the amounts of $CaCl_2(C,g{\cdot}CaCl_2/ml{\cdot}soy\;milk)$ added in soy milk, and correlative equations between them were obtained as $Y_{Tofu}=0.3369\;C+1.2689$ for Tofu$(moisture\;content:\;81.5{\pm}0.5%)$ with r=0.9898, and $Y_{drained\;soln}= 0.2899C+0.0399$ for drained solution with r= 0.9991. It was proved that conductometric method was reasonably applicable to the measurement of calcium contents of the products from every processes of Tofu manufacture except soy-bean. However the conductometric method was not recomendable in the case of $CaSO_4$ as coagulant due to its low solubility ana uneven distribution in soy milk and Tofu tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.207-211
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• 1983

An attempt was made to find out the possibility of utilizing water-melon seed as resources of food fats and protein. The water-melon seed contained 40.40% of crude fat and 28.36% of crude protein. The lipid fraction obtained by silicic acid column chromatography was composed of about 97.35% neutral lipid, and the main components of neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography were triglyceride(50.40%), diglyceride(21.84%) and sterol(11.48%). The predominant fatty acids of total and major lipid classes were linoleic acid(55.30-67.85%), palmitic acid(12.07-28.12%) and oleic acid(9.06-16.40%), whereas stearic acid and linolenic acid were detected as small amounts. The salt soluble protein of watermelon seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 0.7M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 27%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids, and the essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were also detected. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in water-melon seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 52.4%. The amino acids of the main fraction protein were also mainly composed of glutamic acid and arginine. The molecular weight for the main protein of the water-melon seed was estimated to be 120,000.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.562-570
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• 2018

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we used a bioactivity-guided isolation technique to identify constituents of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) with antiproliferative activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Bioactivity-guided fractionation and preparative/semipreparative HPLC purification were used with LC/MS analysis to separate the bioactive constituents. Cell viability and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1264, H1299, and Calu-6) after treatment with KRG extract fractions and constituents thereof were assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Caspase activation was assessed by detecting its surrogate marker, cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase, using an immunoblot assay. The expression and subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor were assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results and conclusion: Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the KRG extract revealed that its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction exerts significant cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines tested by inducing apoptosis. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetatesoluble fraction led to the isolation of six ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rb1 (1), ginsenoside Rb2 (2), ginsenoside Rc (3), ginsenoside Rd (4), ginsenoside Rg1 (5), and ginsenoside Rg3 (6). Among the isolated ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rg3 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines examined, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $161.1{\mu}M$ to $264.6{\mu}M$. The cytotoxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be mediated by induction of apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. These findings provide experimental evidence for a novel biological activity of ginsenoside Rg3 against human lung cancer cells.