• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2015

In this study, the behavior of fresh water body between the injection and production wells with the fresh water injection rate in a saline aquifer is numerically analyzed by using a three-dimensional numerical model. 8 injection wells are arranged at equidistant intervals on a concentric circle and one production well is located at the center of this circle. In the case that the fresh water injection rate is relatively small, the fresh water body around a injection well screen is not mixed with neighboring ones and is independently distributed. However, when the injection rate is increased, the size of the fresh water body is continuously increased, and the areas, where saline and fresh water among injection wells are mixed, are appeared. The mixed degree is increased as the injection rate is increased. This phenomenon is identically generated around the production well. Moreover, when the injection rate is increased, the ratio of saline water in and around the production well is decreased.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2015

We performed injection tests in a deep-seated confined aquifer to assess the potential of artificial recharge as a means of preventing saltwater contamination, thereby securing groundwater resources for the Nakdong Delta area of Busan City, Korea. The study area comprises a confined aquifer, in which a 10-21-m-thick clay layer overlies 31.5-36.5 m of sand and a 2.8-11-m-thick layer of gravel. EC logging of five monitoring wells yielded a value of 7-44 mS/cm, with the transition between saline and fresh water occurring at a depth of 15-38 m. Above 5 m depth, water temperature is 10-15.5℃, whereas between 5 and 50 m depth the temperature is 15.5-17℃. Approximately 950 m³ of fresh water was injected into the OW-5 injection well at a rate of 370 m³/day for 62 hours, after which the fresh water zone was detected by a CTD Diver installed at a depth of 40 m. The persistence of the fresh water zone was determined via EC and temperature logging at 24 hours after injection, and again 21 days after injection. We observed a second fresh water zone in the OW-2 well, where the first injection test was performed more than 20 days before the second injection test. The contact between fresh and saline water in the injection well is represented by a sharp boundary rather than a transitional boundary. We conclude that the injected fresh water occupied a specific space and served to maintain the original water quality throughout the observation period. Moreover, we suggest that artificial recharge via long-term injection could help secure a new alternative water resource in this saline coastal aquifer.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was conducted to find out the effect of Yukmijiwhangtanggamibang (YM) on growth, learning and memory of rats. Methods : It was divided SD rats into Sham group, 192 Saporin injection(SA+Saline) group and Injection of 192 Saporin with YM(SA+YM) group. Growth measure length of bone and tail. Memory performance was used aquisition test and learning retention of morris water maze. It was detected acetylcholinesterase(AChE), cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT) at medial septum and hippocampus by immunohistochemistry Results : Body Weight of the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA Saline group. Growth of bone in the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. Growth of Tail in the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA_Saline group. The SA+YM Group in Aquisition Test improved effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The SA+YM Group in Learning Test improved effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The numbers of ChAT cells in Medial septum increased effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The numbers of ChAT cells in CA1 of Hippocampus increased, but was not effective. Conclusion : These results suggest that YM has an improving effect on the impaired learning through the effects on memory registration and retrieval.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2018

Objective:This study is to evaluate both the single-dose intravenous injection toxicity and the approximate lethal dose of Water-soluble Danggui Pharmacopuncture (WDP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Toxicity experiments were conducted at Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) laboratory in Biotoxtech Co., according to the regulations of GLP. WDP injection of dose 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mL/animal were experimental groups and normal saline injection group was control group. WDP and normal saline were injected once to 6- week old 5 male and 5 female SD rats at the tail veins at approximately 2 mL/min. During 14 days after the injection, general symptoms were observed and weight were measured. After the observation period, hematological and blood biochemical examination, macroscopic autopsy, topical resistance test at the injection area were performed. Results: RThe WDP 0.5 mL/animal injection group in 4 cases of male rats and all cases of female rats showed hematuria 30 minutes after the administration. However, after 1 hour, no more abnormal general symptoms were observed. The WDP did not affect weight, hematological and blood biochemical examination, macroscopic autopsy, and topical resistance test at the injection area. Conclusion: WDP single dose intravenous injection results showed that WDP have no toxic effects and a lethal dose of WDP should be over 0.5 mL/animal in male and female rats under the study condition. So WDP may be safe.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.334-340
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• 2020

Nypa fruticans Wurmb. (NF) has been used as a folk remedy to treat inflammatory diseases in Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of NF water extract on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). To measure the protective effects of NF on AP, AP was induced via intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (50 ㎍/kg) hourly for 6 h in mice. NF water extract (100, 250, or 500 mg/kg) or saline was administrated to intraperitoneal injection 1 h before the first injection of cerulein. The mice were sacrificed at 6 h after the final injection of the cerulein. Pancreas, and blood sample were taken for further analysis. Administration of NF water extract inhibited the pancreatic injury, the elevation of pancreatic weight/ body weight ratio, and the elevation of serum digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase during cerulein-induced AP in mice. Also, pancreas MPO activity, which represents neutrophil infiltration, was inhibited by administration of NF water extract. Taken together, administration of NF water extract reduces the severity of cerulein-induced AP, which suggests a clinical basis that NF could be a potential agent to prevent AP.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2012

Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, consumer products and medical appliances. However, information on the toxicity, environmental fate and toxicokinetics are not enough. In this study, stability of citrate-capped AgNPs was investigated using different types of isotonic solution, which is important in the toxicokinetic study by the exposure route of intravenous injection. Size, morphology, zeta potential and ion formation were investigated in isotonic solutions for the physico-chemical characterization of AgNPs. Aggregation and precipitation of AgNPs were observed in saline or phosphate-buffered saline while they were stable without precipitation in 2% glycerol of isotonic solution. The average size of AgNPs in 2% glycerol was 6~10 nm, which was almost same as that in water-based suspension of AgNPs. Zeta potential was ranged from -30 mV to -60 mV, which was in the range of original stock AgNPs. The stability was maintained during the whole experimental period of 48 hours. Furthermore, the stability was not changed in different temperature (10~36$^{\circ}C$) and at different concentrations (10~1,000 ppm). The osmolarity of the AgNPs suspension was $299{\pm}1$ mOsm/kg which was in isotonic range. These data suggest that AgNPs in 2% glycerol solution can be used for the preparations of intravenous injection for toxicokinetic study without undesired disturbance of blood isotonicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.11a
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• pp.241-242
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• 2019

This technology is a water leak repair technology using composite materials of concrete structures that block leakage of structures by injecting rapid microcement into the face of underground concrete to block water and injecting flexible glycidylacrylate. Rapid micro cement system repair materials are mixed with fine fibers to improve the flexural sensitivity of the material and to form a layer that blocks stabilized water at the back of the structure by allowing rapid and tight spatial filling during injection with high cohesion The glycidylacrylate repair material can control the expansion rate, and the external stress also has the characteristic that the form of the material is not destroyed or separated, which can also be applied to vibrating induced structures that produce repetitive fatigue loads, and has an effective durability in saline, alkali, acid (chloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid).

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.353-357
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• 2015

A new method is proposed for water resources using aquifers in coastal areas. These aquifers are generally filled with saline water due to seawater intrusion and consequently being left unutilized. Surface water can be injected into these aquifers and recovered for water quality enhancement and stored water. Injection and pumping wells are used. For this technique to be successful protection of pumping well from seawater intrusion is an essential issue. Salt water pumping can be used to prevent saline water upconing. Numerical analysis demonstrated that a properly designed and executed salt water pumping well can protect a freshwater pumping well from salt water intrusion.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2010

Fresh water injection test in a fractured bedrock aquifer was applied as an efficient approach to lower saline concentrations in the saltwater-freshwater transition zone formed by seawater intrusion in a coastal area. The methodology and effectiveness of fresh water injection for hydraulically controlling seawater intrusion is overwhelmingly site dependent, and there is an urgent need to characterize the permeable fractures or unconsolidated porous formations which can allow for seawater flow and transport. Considering aquifer characteristics, injection and monitoring boreholes were optimally designed and completed to inject fresh water through sand layer and fractured bedrock, respectively. We devised and used the injection system using double packer for easy field operation and maintenance. Overall fracture distribution was systematically identified from borehole image logs, and the section of fresh water injection was decided from injection test and monitoring. With fresh water injection, the fluid electrical conductivity of the monitoring well started to be lowered by the inflow of fresh water at the specific depth. And this inflow leaded to the replacement of the fluid in the upper parts of the borehole with fresh water. Furthermore, the injection effect lasted more than several months, which means that fresh water injection may contribute to the mitigation of seawater intrusion in a coastal area.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.42-48
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of the study is to investigate both the single-dose intramuscular injection toxicity and the approximate lethal dose of water-soluble Carthami-flos and Cervi cornu parvum pharmacopuncture (WCFC) in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The study was conducted at Biotoxtech Co. according to the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) after approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Dosages for the control, high dose, middle dose and low dose groups were 0.5 mL/animal of saline and 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mL/animal of WCFC, respectively. WCFC was injected into the muscle of the left femoral region by using a disposable syringe (1 mL, 26 gauge). The general symptoms and mortality were observed 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the first injection and then daily for 14 days after the injection. The body weights of the SD rats were measured on the day of the injection (before injection) and on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after the injection. Serum biochemical and hematologic tests, necropsy examinations, and histopathologic examinations at the injection site were performed after the observation period. Results: No deaths, abnormal clinical symptoms, or significant weight changes were observed in either male or female SD rats in the control or the test (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mL/animal) groups during the observation period. No significant differences in hematology and serum biochemistry and no macroscopic abnormalities at necropsy were found. No abnormal reactions at injection sites were noted on the topical tolerance tests. Conclusion: The results of this single-dose toxicity study show that WCFC is safe, its lethal doses in male and female SD rats being estimated to be higher than 0.5 mL/animal.