• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2007

Oudemansiella radicata, edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Agaricales of Basidiomycota, has been known to exhibit outstanding curative effects on the fungal infection and hypertension caused by high blood pressure. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr, NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity test showed that Fr. NaCl was not cytotoxic against NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $10{\sim}1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl exhibited antitumor activity with life prolongation effect of $42.9{\sim}66.7%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved the immunopotentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.4{\sim}3$ folds compared with controlled and LPS groups, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. MeOH increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes by 3.5 and 2.5 folds, respectively. Therefore, the antitumor effect exhibited on mouse Sarcoma 180 cells was likely due to immune-modulating activity of crude polysaccharides extracted from fruiting body of O. radicata.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2014

Rubus coreanus has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia because of its various pharmacological properties. This study examined the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA), one of phenolic compounds derived from R. coreanus on the lipid metabolism in high cholesterol diet-induced mice. A total of 30 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups with 6 mice in each group as follows: (1) Control mice received normal diet (ND). (2) Mice received high-cholesterol diet (HCD) plus water, 10% sucrose solution and treated daily oral phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS) of equal volumes through gavage. (3) Mice received HCD and treated daily with 25 mg/kg b.w./day of PCA (4) with 50 mg/kg b.w./day or (5) with 10 mg/kg b.w./day of simvastatin via oral gavage for 12 weeks. Body weights were measured weekly for a period of experiment. After treatment, liver, thymus, spleen and kidney were harvested and weighed, and the lipid metabolite profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and liver-damaging markers (GOT and GPT) in serum were examined. PCA significantly reduced the total cholesterol, TG, LDL-c level and increased the HDL-c level. PCA administration also significantly reduced the levels of GOT and GPT. These results indicate that the PCA could be used as a functional material for lowering lipid and an adjuvant for the treatment of hyperlipemia.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to determine the shear bond properties of four dentin bonding systems to internal cervical dentin, and to investigate the effect of the pretreatment for removing smear layer and position of dentin on shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents. The materials tested in this study were consisted of four commercially available dentin bonding systems[Allbond 2(AB), Clearfil Linerbond 2(CL), Optibond FL(OP), Scotchbond Multi-purpose(SB)], a restorative light-cured composite resin[Z100]J and a chelating agent[RC-prep(RC)]. Fifty-six freshly extracted human molars were used in this study. Dentin specimens were prepared by first cutting the root of the tooth 1mm below the cementoenamel junction with a diamond bur in a high speed handpiece under air-water coolant, and then removing occlusal part at pulp horn level by means of a second parallel section, The root canal areas were exposed by means of cutting the dent in specimens perpendicular to the root axis. Dentin specimens were randomly assigned to two groups(pretreated group, not-pretreated group) based on the pretreatment method of dentin surface. In pretreated group, RC was applied to dentin surface for 1minute and then rinsed with NaOCl. In not-pretreated group, dentin surface was rinsed with saline Each groups were subdevided into four groups according to dentin bonding systems. Four dentin bonding systems and a restorative resin were applied according to the directions of manufacturer. The dentin-resin specimens were embedded in a cold cure acrylic resin, and were cut with a low speed diamond saw to the dimension of $1{\times}1mm$. The cut specimens were divided into three groups according to the position of internal cervical dentin. The shear bond properties of dentin-resin specimens were measured with Universal testing machine (Zwick, 020, Germany) with the cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. From this experiment. the following results were obtained : 1. In case of shear bond strength, there was no significant difference among dentin bonding systems in not-pretreated groups, whereas in pretreated groups, the shear bond strengths of AB and of SB were statistically significantly higher than those of CL and of OP. 2. The shear bond strengths of AB and of SB in pretreated groups were significantly higher than those in not-pretreated groups. 3. The shear bond strengths of radicular layer of OP were higher than those of occlusal layer of OP in not-pretreated groups, and of AB in pretreated groups. The shear bond strengths of radicular layer of AB and of CL in not-pretreated groups were higher than those in pretreated group.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2014

Fenpyroximate is acaricide of pyrazole group. This acaricide have already been permitted for herb cultivation. This experiment was conducted to establish a determination method for fenpyroximate residue in herbal medicines using HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS/MS. Fenpyroximate residue was extracted with acetone from samples of herbal which Liquorice Root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and Safflower Seed (Carthamus tinctorius Linne). The extract was diluted with saturated saline water and dichloromethane liquid-liquid partition (extraction) was followed to recover fenpyroximate from the aqueous phase. Amino propyl ($NH_2$) and florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The fenpyroximate was quantitated by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS/MS. The herbals were fortified with fenpyroximate at 2 or 3 levels per crop. Mean recovery ratio were ranged from 72.0 to 106.4%. The coefficients of variation were ranged from 0.2 to 4.4. Therefore, this analytical method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residue of fenpyroximate in herbal medicines.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.337-348
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to examine the fracture strength and characteristics of teeth with MOD cavity preparation. Freshly extracted sound maxillary premolars were cleaned and stored in normal saline solution $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours before experiments. The roots of teeth were embedded in a self-curing resin, and the exposed crown were maintained in a vertical position by a modelling wax in a brass ring. The MOD cavities were prepared with No. 57 carbide bur under high speed to a depth of 2.0mm and a width of 2.0mm(Fig.1). All the prepared teeth specimens were divided into 7 groups according to the mode of cavity form and restorative materials (Table 1, 2): Group I, unpreapred, intact teeth as control Group II, prepared cavity without restoration Group III, prepared teeth restored with amalgam Group IV, prepared teeth restored with composite resin (P-10) Group V, prepared teeth with beveled enamel margins restored with composite resin (P-10) Group VI, prepared teeth restored with light-cured composite resin (P-30) Group VII, prepard teeth with beveled enamel margins restored with light-cured composite resin (P-30) After placement of restorations, all of the specimens were stored in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours before testing. All of the specimens were tested on the Instron Universal Testing machine (No. 6025) in order to evaluate the strength of fracture. One metal ball 5.0mm in diameter contacting the specimens parallel to the occlusal surface was used to in this study (Fig. 1). The fracture characteristics of the specimens were examined with naked eye and in the scanning electron microscope (JSM-20). The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The mean fracture strength was the highest in group VI and that in group II was the lowest. 2. The progress of crack of teeth propagated into the pulp cavity. 3. In case of the group of the restored teeth, the crack occurred to be accompanied with cuspal fracture. 4. The crack of restored teeth was initiated along the pulpo-axial line angle of the cavity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Salmonella infections cause the disease in pigs but also some zoonotic Salmonella serotypes can be transmitted to human through swine products, resulting in food poisoning. The objective of this study was to investigate the bacteriological prevalence and detection of invA gene using Salmonella specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the epidemiological characteristics related to Salmonella strains cultured from pig samples in Gangwon areas using serotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods. During the period of November 2001 through April 2002, 1,174 ileocecal lymph node were collected from the slaughtered pigs raised in 38 farms located in Gangwon province. The samples were submerged in boiling water and macerated in saline and lymph node homogenates were inoculated into Tetrathionate broth with iodine (TTB, Difco, 0.5% iodine was added) for enrichment growth. Then additional tests were performed using several mediums, and suspects were identified by API 20E kit (BioMerieux) and PCR. Of total 1,174 samples from 38 farms, 44 (3.7%) were isolated as Salmonella spp from 13 farms (34.2%). Of 44 isolates, 31 were in Yangyang region, followed by 9 in Goseong, 2 in both Gangneung and Sokcho. However, there was no difference in regional isolation frequency. All isolates have a 521bp amplified product in Salmonella specific PCR with primer invA which encodes in proteins for invasion of epithelial cells. Of 44 recovered serotypes, 23 (52.3%) were S Eingedi, 10 (22.7%) S Schwarzengrund, 9 (20.5%) S Typhimurium, and 2 (4.5%) S Mbandaka. In RAPD analysis, there appeared to be unique bands distinguishing each serotype, although similarities exist between the different serotypes. Four serotypes of 44 Salmonella isolates appeared to fall into 14 different RAPD types. In PFGE analysis, 9 S Typhimurium were tested with XbaI enzyme and SpeI enzyme. The combination of results obtained with two enzymes subdivided the 9 S Typhimurium into 4 PFGE types.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.127-133
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of natural tooth whitening using fruits that can be easily accessed in real life by increasing interest in tooth whitening in modern society. Twenty premolar teeth were divided into five groups (n=4). Strawberry (A), lemon (B), banana skin (C), baking soda (D) and whitening toothpaste (E) were treated with a toothbrush on the enamel surface. The tooth surface was treated with a toothbrush at the same time for 3 minutes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, then washed with sterile distilled water, and stored in saline solution. This procedure was repeated for 4 weeks, and the color change of teeth was observed at intervals of one week. After 4 weeks, there was a significant difference in tooth color change after 3 weeks(p<0.05). Among them, strawberry and lemon showed higer effects to whitening toothpaste. It is believed that strawberries and lemons have a higher whitening effect than whitening toothpaste. Whitening toothpaste may be replaced with a safe natural whitening effect using strawberries and lemons instead of chemical ingredients that may be harmful to human body.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.198-207
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium hydroxide on dentin bonding strength of various dentin bonding systems as a function of time in composite resin restoration. Dentin adhesives used in this study were Scotchbond Multipurpose, Single Bond, SE Bond and Prompt L-Pop. Flat dentin surfaces adjacent to pulp chamber were created, then $Ca(OH)_2$ and saline were mixed and applied on dentin surface of experimental group, then IRM was used to cover the mixture on dentin surface and the specimens were stored at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for experiment period (7 days, 30 days). After removing IRM and $Ca(OH)_2$, each dentin adhesives were treated on dentin surfaces. Composite resin (Z-250, 3M) was placed with S mm height and was light-cured for 20 seconds. After stored in distilled water for 24 hours, each dentin-composite bonded spicemen was embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned into $1.0\times1.0mm^2$ cross section composite-dentin beams. Specimen was mounted on zig of Universal testing machine and ${\mu}TBS$ test was performed. SEM analysis was performed to examine the fractured surfaces. The results suggested that applying calcium hydroxide did not show significant difference in dentin bonding strength.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 2006

A bacterial disease of small red bean (Phaseolus angularis) was observed on field-grown plants in Suwon in year 2003. Leaf symptoms initially appeared as water-soaked spots that gradually enlarged, became flaccid and necrotic and were often bordered by a small zone of lemon yellow tissue. In the case of severe infection, dead leaves were defoliated. Pod symptoms consisted of the lesions that were generally circular, slightly sunken and dark reddish brown. Isolation made from diseased leaves on yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate agar yielded nearly pure cultures of a yellow-pigmented bacterium typical of a xanthomonad. Three bacterial strains were purified and used for further tests. Pathogenicity of strains was confirmed on 3-week-old small red bean plants sprayed with bacterial suspensions containing $10^8 cfu/ml$ of phosphate buffered saline. The representative Xanthomonas strains isolated from small red bean were compared with X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli and X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans type strains for fatty acid profiles, biochemical tests and metabolic fingerprints using Biolog GN2 microplate, showing that all outcomes were indistinguishable between our isolates and reference strains. Two of three strains produced a melanin-like brown pigment extracellularly on King's medium B agar. These results suggest that this new small red bean disease observed in Suwon is bacterial fuscous blight caused by X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli and X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.183-194
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to establish an official determination method to measure fluazinam residue in horticultural crops for import and export using GC-ECD/MS. Fluazinam residue was extracted with acetone from fresh samples of four representative horticultural products, the vegetable crops green pepper and kimchi cabbage, and the fruit crops mandarin and apple. The acetone extract was diluted with saline water and n -hexane partitioning was used to recover fluazinam from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final purification of the extract. Fluazinam was separated and quantitated by GC with ECD using a DB-17 capillary column. The horticultural crops were fortified with three different concentrations of fluazinam. Mean recoveries ranged from 82.5% to 99.9% in the four crops. The coefficients of variation were less than 10.0%. The quantitative limit of fluazinam detection was $0.004mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in the four crop samples. GC/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also used to confirm the suspected residue. This analytical method was reproducible and sensitive enough to measure the residue of fluazinam in horticultural commodities for import and export.