• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.29-38
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• 2005

It is important to understand groundwater conditions such as recharge, flow and hydrochemical process occurred within an aquifer for groundwater protection and groundwater resource management. Groundwater from the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of North Yorkshire has been used for industrial purposes and domestic water supply. Tn order to understand the processes affecting groundwater chemistry and identify the sources of high chloride, sulphate and nitrate concentrations hydrochemical and isotopic measurements were carried out. Hydrochemical and isotopic measurements indicated that five groundwater types exist within the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of study area. The results of hydrochemical and isotopic measurements showed that older groundwaters have different hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics from recent recharge water. It was also found that water-rock interactions are the dominant mechanism controlling the ${\delta}^{13}C$ composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, the ${\delta}^{34}S\;and\;{\delta}^{18}O$ composition of dissolved sulphate and the strontium isotope ratios ($^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$) in recent recharge water and old groundwater. Several abstraction boreholes within the Selby wellfield have been contaminated by saline water. The isotopic data of saline groundwater samples taken from these abstraction boreholes indicate that saline waters are derived from the dissolution of the Triassic evaporites within the Mercia Mudstone.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.18-23
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• 2011

The electrokinetic transport characteristics of salts were investigated using nitrate and sulfate accumulated saline greenhouse soil. Within 8 days, 95% of nitrate was removed from the soil, while sulfate removal was 19% for 8 days. The low removal of sulfate came from adsorption reaction on the soil particles or organic matter and precipitation with calcium. Divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium were transported toward cathode via electromigration, and most monovalent cation such as potassium was removed. The pattern of residual electrical conductivity was similar with that of sulfate. Based on the results, electrokinetic technique is effective to restore nitrate-accumulated saline soil, but is not effective to restore sulfate-accumulated soil.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.40-48
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• 2012

In this study, economic analysis of five desalination technologies for saline agricultural land was carried out. The analysis was comprehensively evaluated by calculating changes in crop production and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio. The analysis of crop production was in the order of tomato > cucumber > a (musk) melon > watermelon > cabbage, and economical efficiency for desalination technology was in the order of soil exchange > soil addition > electrokinetics > under-drainage > subsoil reversal. In cost benefit analysis, B/C ratio was in the order of under-drainage > soil exchange > electrokinetics > soil addition > subsoil reversal, and all desalination technologies used in this study have the ratio higher than 1, which means economical efficiency was high. Based on the net production considering B/C ratio, the general economic analysis was exactly order from that of crop production analysis. As a result, economical efficiency of soil exchange was highest, and economical efficiency of soil addition and electrokinetic was relatively higher than others.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.91-97
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• 2012

In this study, cost analysis of electrokinetic (EK) restoration process for desalination of saline agricultural land was performed for field application based on a pilot scale field application. For reasonable cost analysis, EK process was classified into three major parts: system design, installation and operation. Cost of system installation consists of materials and installation for electrode/electric wire, power supply and data monitoring, drainage system, etc. Operation cost was calculated based on electrical consumption and water charges for EK process. Total cost for EK process was 2,943,013 won for $1000m^2$ in greenhouse area. Cost for system installation was 2,553,786 won, that is, 87% of total cost, while cost for system operation was 389,229 won, that is, 13% of total cost.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.95-105
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• 2021

Extensive groundwater abstraction has been recognized as one of the major challenges in management of coastal groundwater. The purpose of this study was to assess potential changes of groundwater distribution of northeastern Jeju Island over 10-year duration, where brackish water have been actively developed. To quantitatively estimate the coastal groundwater resources, numerical simulations using three-dimensional finite-difference density-dependent flow models were performed to describe spatial distribution of the groundwater in the aquifer under various pumping and recharge scenarios. The simulation results showed different spatial distribution of freshwater, brackish, and saline groundwater at varying seawater concentration from 10 to 90%. Volumetric analysis was also performed using three-dimensional concentration distribution of groundwater to calculate the volume of fresh, brackish, and saline groundwater below sea level. Based on the volumetric analysis, a quantitative analysis of future seawater intrusion vulnerability was performed using the volume-based vulnerability index adopted from the existing analytical approaches. The result showed that decrease in recharge can exacerbate vulnerability of coastal groundwater resources by inducing broader saline area as well as increasing brackish water volume of unconfined aquifers.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.168-186
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• 1979

Three hundred gram of Korean ginseng root was extracted with 95% ethanol on a boiling water bath for about 300 hr. Evaporation of alcohol yieled 50.2g of dark brown residue which was used by dissolving 4 mg of the residue in 1 ml of physiological saline. The ginseng group and the saline group received each day 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight of ginseng extract and physiological saline, respectively. Both the ginseng and saline group with stress were exposed to positive radial acceleration (1∼29g), cold (5$^{\circ}C$, 0$^{\circ}C$ &-10$^{\circ}C$) and heat (35$^{\circ}C$) environment, and surgical stress. After termination of the last stress, the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, rectal temperature, the number of erythrocyte and leucocyte, hemoglobin level, hematocrit ratio, total serum protein content and it's fraction and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid in the experimental animal exposed to stress were measured and at the corresponding periods, the same measurements were also carried out with the ginseng and the saline groups without stress exposure (serving as control). Results obtained were as follows. 1. Administration of ginseng does depressed the decrease of the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, the number of erythrocyte, hemoglobin value, hematocrit ratio and the A/G ratio in the mice and rats exposed to various stress. 2. The change of the rectal temperature, eosinophile counts, total serum protein content and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid of ginseng group that exposured to various stress facilitates the reaction to, and accelerates the recovery from the stress. 3. Even after hypophysectomy which served the link between the central and the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism, the adrenal ascorbic acid content of ginseng group decreased significantly more than that of the saline group 30 min. after administration of ACTH, while the value approached the normal level significantly closer in the ginseng group than in the saline group 1 and 2 hr after ACTH administration. Judging from the above results, it is concluded that administration of ginseng extract tolerated the experimental animals under the environment of stressfu1 stmuli, although the ginseng has no significant influence upon the stress mechanism in the absence of stressful stimuli. The site of action of the ginseng appears to be in the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism.

• Genes and Genomics
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1169-1180
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• 2018

Cave shrimps from the genera Typhlatya, Stygiocaris and Typhlopatsa (TST complex) comprises twenty cave-adapted taxa, which mainly occur in the anchialine environment. Anchialine habitats may undergo drastic environmental fluctuations, including spatial and temporal changes in salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content. Previous studies of crustaceans from anchialine caves suggest that they have possessed morphological, behavioral, and physiological adaptations to cope with the extreme conditions, similar to other cave-dwelling crustaceans. However, the genetic basis has not been thoroughly explored in crustaceans from anchialine habitats, which can experience hypoxic regimes. To test whether the TST shrimp-complex hypoxia adaptations matched adaptive evolution of mitochondrial OXPHOS genes. The 13 OXPHOS genes from mitochondrial genomes of 98 shrimps and 1 outgroup were examined. For each of these genes was investigated and compared to orthologous sequences using both gene (i.e. branch-site and Datamonkey) and protein (i.e. TreeSAAP) level approaches. Positive selection was detected in 11 of the 13 candidate genes, and the radical amino acid changes sites scattered throughout the entire TST complex phylogeny. Additionally, a series of parallel/convergent amino acid substitutions were identified in mitochondrial OXPHOS genes of TST complex shrimps, which reflect functional convergence or similar genetic mechanisms of cave adaptation. The extensive occurrence of positive selection is suggestive of their essential role in adaptation to hypoxic anchialine environment, and further implying that TST complex shrimps might have acquired a finely capacity for energy metabolism. These results provided some new insights into the genetic basis of anchialine hypoxia adaptation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 1997

Direct membrane separation using nonwoven fabric was applied to saline wastewater treatment by an activated sludge process. A nonwoven fabric module was immersed in an aeration tank. The part of treated was filtered through the module by suction and the rest of that was separated by a settling tank. Various F/M ratios and salt concentrations were applied to investigate stable flux as well as pollutant removal. The pollutant removal efficiencies of nonwoven fabric separation was not affected by F/M ratios and salt concentrations and was higher than that of settling tank separation. The decline in flux was seemed to be caused by the biofilm on nonwoven fabric surface.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 2023

Monitoring contaminants in waste landfills on a seabed is important because the leachate affects the marine ecosystem and facility stability. The objective of this study is to optimize a time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probe using different coating materials and several electrodes to estimate contaminants in saline soil. Copper concentrations ranging from 0 mg/L to 10 mg/L were mixed in 3% salinity water to simulate contaminants in the ocean environment. Epoxy, top-coat, and varnish were used as coating materials, and two to seven electrodes were prepared to vary the number and arrangement of the electrodes. Test results showed that the varnish stably captured the increase in copper concentration, while the other coating materials became insensitive or caused leakage current. In addition, a TDR probe with more electrodes exhibited stable and distinct electromagnetic signals. Thus, the TDR probe with seven electrodes coated with varnish was effectively used to estimate contaminants in saline soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.338-341
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• 2004

This study was carried out to understand the geochemistry of saline water circulating in an ash disposal pond of Seocheon power plant, Korea. For this study, ash pond waters, slurry water and seawater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions and trace elements. Results show that ash pond waters and slurry water are alkaline in nature due to high calcium content, and have high concentration of Ca, B, Li, As, Ba, Al, Si and Mn over seawater, suggest that these elements leached from fly ash even at high alkaline condition and ionic strength. Slurry water has high concentration of B, Ba, Li, Mn, Si and Sr compare to ash pond waters, expresses that these elements seem to be easily reached at initial stage fly ash-water interaction, and also might be associated with the surface of the fly ash particles. Additionally, PHREEQC program predicted several secondary solid phases, which are also influenced in the leaching of elements in to the saline water.