• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.160-169
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• 2011

In Korea, the construction company has provided houses through apartment sales system. Residents have obtained a variety of information about their future house by visiting a sample house called "the model house" before they purchase home. Advanced technology such as web-based VOD or Virtual Model in recent years has gradually replaced those built environment. In 2009, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs announced the restraint to the construction of sample houses. Instead, they highly recommended a Virtual Model House as an alternative solution. This study aimed to propose how to design the user-oriented virtual model house through the experiment and survey research. The 3D virtual model house of 85m$^2$ apartment was built and presented by two types (Type A: Bird's Eye View, Type B: Walk through View) on the web page. The subjects evaluated presence, spatial perception and cognition, and usability of each type after exploring them. The results are as follows. (1) The subjects' evaluation of presence showed Type B has more negative effects than Type A such as feeling dizzy or tired even if their values were not so high. (2) The subjects perceived and cognized both types of virtual model house more realistic for the expression of volume of space, the size of opening, and the arrangement of furniture than that of wall finishes and materials. (3) The usability of Type A was significantly higher than that of Type B.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.3-26
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• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce published the millennium edition of its standard trade definitions, Incoterms 2000. Incoterms are a basic reference for sales contracts, in constant daily use throughout the world. The new version will make it easier for traders to do business in the new century, despite the growing volume and complexity of international transactions. Since Incoterms were first published in 1936, they have been updated six times. They precisely define the responsibilities of buyer and seller and are recognized as the international standard by customs authorities and courts in all the main trading nations. It is important for traders to incorporate the correct Incoterms into their international contracts to avoid unnecessary legal problems. Courts may otherwise interpret trade terms according to often widely divergent national laws and unless the use of Incoterms is specified, expensive legal disputes can arise. Division of costs is a most important element in every contract of sale. The parties must know not only who does what but also how costs resulting therefrom should be divided between them. In most cases the fact that a party must do something means that he must also bear the resulting costs, unless otherwise agreed. But there are many exceptions to this principle and uncertainties arise, particularly with respect to services performed by other parties. Also, difficulties arise with respect to the division of costs whenever additional costs are caused by unexpected events, such as hindrances causing a ship to deviate or to remain in a seaport longer than expected. The main principle of the division of costs is clear enough: the seller has to pay costs necessary for the goods to reach the agreed point of delivery, and the buyer has to pay any further costs after that point. But as noted, it is not always easy to implement this principle in practice, since the detailed distribution of functions under the various trade terms is not and cannot be fully defined in Incoterms. Instead, failing precise stipulations in the contract of sale, guidance must be sought from other criteria such as commercial practices used earlier by the same parties or the custom of trade.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) which is one of the emission standards in Fleet Average System introduced to Korea from 2009 is known as the most severe standard to achieve with internal combustion engine. Considering low sales volume of hybrid vehicles in Korea, vehicle manufacturers are required to develop SULEV technologies for conventional gasoline and LPG vehicles to meet the future Fleet Average standard. In this study, the comparison of emissions has been made between SULEV developed and ULEV LPG vehicles mainly produced in this time. To estimate the emission reduction of SULEV vehicles, CVS-75 and NIER test modes have been used. CVS-75 has been used for emission certification of gasoline and LPG vehicles. NIER modes cover various average vehicle speed and reflect Korean real driving patterns better than CVS-75. The test results show that SULEV LPG vehicles have very high potential to reduce $NO_x$ in regulated emissions, $N_2O$ in green house gases and toluene in VOCs. However, SULEV LPG vehicles don't affect much on the reduction of CO and total green house gases.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.369-381
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• 2013

The purpose of the study was to divide social commerce websites' information into components of product, price, service, and seller information, and to systematically analyze each component of information. A content analysis was used as a research methodology, and 100 webpages from social commerce websites were analyzed. As results, the social commerce websites provided basic information (front view, fabric contents, country of origin, care, color, size) for product information and emphasized price information, including discount rates, sales dues, product quantity, and the amount of products sold. They basically provided expected delivery date, delivery company, Q&A, and return/refund service for service information. In addition, they basically presented brand logo and brand name but need to add information about brand concepts, history and volume as seller information. This study suggested diverse theoretical and practical implications of social commerce information.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.67-109
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• 2010

The theory of creative class has shown that the creative people are the key factor of success in regional economic growth. The creative people strengthen the economic competitiveness which is crucial to attract, cultivate and mobilize the resources of that region. In order to examine the theory of creative class for regional economic growth and firm productivity in Korea, this study uses the panel data of 492 Korean firms of the industrial complex producing electic and electronic manufactured goods. They are grouped into 10 industrial complexes among 16 metropolitan areas. Our findings demonstrate that creative class and 3Ts are related to the ratio of creative population density and the regional economic growth. Specifically the creative core class is of more significance to the regional economic growth than the creative professional class or the creative artist class. In our findings the panel analysis of random effects model shows that the talent index of 3Ts as well as the regional climates arc related to the individual firm's total factor productivity. This also reflects a conglomeration of the other regional climates statistically. On the other hand, the research and development expenditure of individual firms shows positive influence for each second consecutive year for the total factor productivity. Sales volume also contributes to the total factor productivity. In conclusion, we recommend that it is important to upgrade the level of creative climates by attracting the creative minds and R&D investment of the enterprises for regional economic growth and firm's total factor productivity.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2015

Recently, some researchers have been carried out risk assessment of vehicles exhaust on human health. Especially, some of VOCs which is non-controlled, was classified to hazardous pollutant, such as 1,3-Butadiene and BTEX(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Therefore, the profile on non-controlled pollutant may be needed in the future, because it would be critical data or information to control them. Additionally, with increasing amount of motorcycle, the source profiling is essential for estimating emission factor and amount on motorcycle exhaust. For these, in this study, imported motorcycles (8 vehicles) were selected as a test model while considering the increasing ratio on sales volume between 2013 and 2014; it was also compared with domestic motorcycles on those. The experiment was conducted by driving mode, UDC and ECE+EUDC that made from EURO III. In addition, it was performed at cold start driving mode without effect by displacement, for evaluating only correlation of BTEX with HC. In order to apply the ratio (m,p-Xylene/o-Xylene) as a marker, the ratio was compared with those of tunnel, road side and residential area. As a result, it showed best correlation ($R^2=0.98$) among those. In the future, it has to be considered as a marker for effect evaluation to atmospheric environment by exhaust emission.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper examines the effect of related party transactions on crash firm-specific stock price crash risk. Ownership of a typical Korean conglomerate is concentrated in a single family. In those entities, management and board positions are often filled by family members. Therefore, a dominant shareholder can benefit from related party transactions. In Korea, firms have to report related party transactions in financial statement footnotes. However, those are not disclosed in detail. The more related party transactions are the greater information risk. Thus, companies with related party transactions are likely to experience stock price crashes. Research design, data, and methodology - 2,598 firm-year observations are used for the main analysis. Those samples are from TS2000 database from 2009 to 2013, and the database covers KOSPI-listed firms in Korea. The proxy for related party transactions (RTP) is calculated by dividing total transactions to the related-party by total sales. A dummy variable is used as a dependent variable (CRASH) in the regression model. Logistic regression is used to explain the relationship between related party transactions and crash risk. Then, the sample was separated into two groups; tunneling firms and propping firms. The relation between related party transactions and crash risk variances with features of the transaction were investigated. Results - Using a sample of KOSPI-listed firms in TS2000 database for the period of 2009-2013, I find that stock price crash risk increases as the trade volume of related-party transactions increases. Specifically, I find that the coefficient of RPT is significantly positive, supporting the prediction. In addition, this relationship is strong and robust in tunneling firms. Conclusions - The results report that firms with related party transactions are more likely to experience stock price crashes. The results mean that related party transactions increase the possibility of future stock price crashes by enlarging information asymmetry between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. In case of tunneling, it could be seen that related party transactions are positively associated with stock crash risk. The result implies that the characteristic of the transaction influences crash risk. This study is related to a literature that investigates the effect of related party transactions on the stock market.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to investigate the actual conditions of the manufacturer's design processes. Questionnaires were sent out, and 57 interviews were used as research methods including designers, programmers, and merchandisers working for a knit manufacturer in Seoul, followed by a frequency analysis using SPSS 12.0. The results are as follows: knitted fabric goods were the top choices in casual wear. Brand image depended on 'elegance', 'modernity', and 'romanticism', among other lifestyle pursuits. The distribution ratio of the 'basic' and the 'trendy' knit was at 3:7 or 7:3, while the ratio of 6:4 or 4:6 was more common. Knit structure was proven to be the most important factor in the changes in designs. Style and yam ranked second and third, respectively. In addition, details (embroidery and beading), color, pattern, and processing were among the other factors, in order of importance. Based on the difficulty in designing and manufacturing knitted fabric goods, 'manufacturing cost:' 'lack of a manufacturing facility for small production,' and 'limited delivery time' were among the reasons cited in the questionnaire. These results appeared to have been caused by small-scale manufacturers or small-scale manufacturing facilities that made small volume production difficult. The results of the interviews on knitted fabrics that were most frequently used and with the highest sales volumes showed that plain, lace, links & links, miss, and 1:1 rib were ranked accordingly for S/S use, while jacquard, cable, 1:1 rib, links & links, milano, plain, and half cardigan were ranked accordingly for F/W use.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2010

Builders in Korea are facing significant challenges in the midst of deteriorating market conditions resulting from recent financial crunch and slumping housing sales, etc. To address such changes in management landscape, enterprise organizations need to build an efficient corporate management organization than can ensure prompt and flexible response to changes in surroundings. However, most of them base their management organization on business type and volume due to insufficient understanding and analysis of organization. Top 30 construction companies in Korea have their own management organizations and business structures let alone different competitive edges and challenges. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the current status of management and organization of construction companies to understand their operational achievements and organizational features in and effort to develop an efficient management strategy and provide inputs contributory to establishment of corporate management organization.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and productivity of domestic trucking transportation companies using DEA-CCR, BCC, and Malmquist indexes. Here, we analyze the top 14 domestic trucking transportation companies, based on cargo volume. The number of freight agents, trucks, and assets are used as input variables, and cargo volumes and sales are used as output variables. The efficiency of trucking transportation companies is examined using a DEA approach, and Malmquist indexes are applied to analyze productivity. According to the DEA results, the efficiency levels of the CCR, BCC, and scales for three companies (DMU 4, 5, and 10) are 1, indicating that these companies are operated efficiently. At the same time, the Malmquist indexes show that all companies have values smaller than 1, except for the period 2012-2013, indicating that their productivity decreased. Furthermore, the TECI indexes were all larger than 1, except for the period 2012-2013, indicating that the companies are efficient. Lastly, all TCI indexes are smaller than 1, except for the period 2012-2013, indicating regressing trends.