• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in smoking rates according to the major occupational categories in South Korea. Methods: The study subjects were a weighted sample of 24,495 men and 26,121 women aged 25-64 from the 2003 Social Statistics Survey, which was conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office. Occupation was classified according to the Korean Standard Occupation Classification. We computed the age-standardized smoking rates according to gender and occupations after adjusting for the education level, marital status, and self-rated health. Results: For men, the smoking rate in elementary occupations was two times higher than that of clerks (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.74-2.26). In general, a more prestigious job(professionals) correlated with lower smoking rates, and less prestigious jobs correlated with higher smoking rates, except for legislators, senior officials and managers. For women, smoking among service workers was 4.1 times higher than among clerical workers (OR=4.11, 95% CI=2.87-5.88). For women, their occupations, except elementary workers, and the unemployed, the retired and the armed forces, failed to show significant differences in smoking compared with the clerical workers. After adjusting for education, occupational differences in the smoking rate for men were attenuated in most occupations, except for legislators, professionals, and technicians. Further adjustment for marital status and self-rated health had a minimal effect on the occupational differences in the smoking rate for men. For women workers with service or elementary occupations, the ORs of smoking were attenuated with adjustment of the educational levels. However, the ORs of smoking were increased in workers with service, sales or elementary occupations, as well as for legislators, and the unemployed, the retired and the armed forces, after additionally adjusting for marital status. Conclusions: More prestigious jobs generally correlated with lower smoking rates in both sexes. The anti-tobacco policy should consider smoking rate differentials by occupations.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.905-919
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• 2005

This study raised the necessity of developing performance indicators for measuring the management efficiency and effectiveness of school food service, and as a means of helping its implementation, a balanced score card (BSC) approach developed by Norton and Kaplan was adopted. This study established BSC in seven phases through literature: Phase 1 Defining a school food service and the scope of working activities, Phase 2 Establishing the vision of a school food service, Phase 3 Setting strategic goals, Phase 4 Identifying critical success factors (CSFs), Phase 5 Developing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Phase 6 Extracting cause and effect relationship, and Phase 7 Completing a preliminary BSC. The preliminary BSC was fumed into a survey, which was administered to food service related people working at the Office of Education and School Food Service including 16 offices,209 dietitians, 48 school administrators both from self-operated and contract-managed, and 9 experts in areas related to school food service. They were asked questions about strategies from 4 different perspectives,12 CSFs, 39 KPls, and the cause and effect relationships among them. As a result, among the CSFs based on 4 different perspectives, all factors other than ' zero sum on profit/loss ' from the financial perspective turned out to be valid. In terms of KPIs, manufacturing cost percentages, casualty loss count/reduction rates, school foodervice participation rates, and sales goal achievement rates were found to be valid from the financial perspective, while student satisfaction index, faculty satisfaction index, leftover ratio, nutrition educational performance count, index of evaluating nutrition education, customer claim count/reduction rate, handling customer claim count/reduction rate, and parent satisfaction index were found to be valid from the customers' perspective. Besides, nutritional requirement sufficient ratio, nutritional management score, food poisoning outbreak count, employee safety accident count, sanitary inspection assessment index, meals per labor hour (productivity index), computerization ratio, operational management index, and purchase management assessment index were also found to be valid from the perspective of internal business processes. From the perspective of innovation and learning, employee turnover ratio/rate of absenteeism, annual education and training count, employee satisfaction index, human resource management assessment index, annual menu-related customer feedback, food service information index for employees and parents/schools were also found to be valid. The significance of this study is to present indices for measuring overall performance of school lunch food service operations without putting any limitation on types of school food service management, and to help correctly assess the contribution of the current types of school food service management to schools and students. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $905\∼919$, 2005)

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to propose development of simulation for make-up coordination by computer graphics and web animation program. In the 20th century, the power of the internet and www has been growing at such a rapid speed and also has provided the possibility of numerous market. Especially the internet marketing of womens products like cosmetics come into the spotlight as the way of sales. Many companies advertise their new products and give useful guidline of make-up technic on the website. So the contents of the website is one of the important thing to lead customer to purchasing. For the reason, this study tries develope a simulation of model in which customer can select their shape of face, color and theme whatever necessary. The model, color, theme palletes were designed by 'PHOTOSHOP 6.0'and the web image of simulation was made by 'FLASH ANIMATION 5.0'. As a result of this study is 1. It can give the chance to customer to make their own image of shape, color and theme through the simulation more speedly and exactly. 2. It can help company to advertise their new products, offer service for customers and lead customers to purchasing. 3. By accummulating the database, it can help to develop educational make-up system.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.476-482
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• 2023

Introduction: There is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. Methods: To operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results: We analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p < 0.001), as well as for young or older workers compared to middle-aged workers (young: -4; middle-aged: -2; older: -5; p < 0.001). Similarly, workers with lower educational levels (middle school or below: -8; high school: -5; college or above: -2; p < 0.001) and non-white collar workers (blue collar: -5; service/sales worker: -6; white collar: -2; p < 0.001) experienced higher levels of employment precariousness. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that certain vulnerable groups, such as women, young or older adults, workers with low educational attainment, and caregiving or low-skilled elementary workers, are disproportionately exposed to high employment precariousness. Active policy interventions are needed to improve the employment quality of vulnerable groups.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 바리스타 교육에 대한 국내의 바리스타 전문가의 의견을 수렴하고 바리스타 교육기관에서 이루어지고 있는 교육프로그램과 비교분석함으로써 현 바리스타 교과과정의 문제점 및 개선방향을 모색하였다. 교과과정의 문제점과 개선점을 파악하기 위해서 현재 바리스타 교육을 하고 있는 15명의 전문가를 대상으로 델파이 기법을 이용하여 이들의 의견을 도출하였다. 전문가의견을 종합하면 바리스타의 교육기관의 교과과목을 구성하는데 있어 실무 중심의 커피교육이 중점적으로 이루어져야 하며, 실질적으로 취업에 필요한 카페운영기법 및 마케팅 등의 교육을 필요로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전문가들은 고객과의 접점에서 근무를 하는 특성상 서비스 과목을 강화하고, 매출의 많은 비중을 차지하는 제과제빵에 대한 교육도 필요한 것으로 제안하였다. 그러나 현재의 바리스타를 교육하고 있는 교육기관의 교과목을 살펴보면 이러한 교육은 매우 취약한 것으로 나타나 전문가들이 제안한 교과목들에 대한 보완이 필요한 것으로 보인다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.125-139
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• 1993

Korea has successfully achieved a lowered fertility level owing to the strong population control policy and effective family planning program. Along with fertility decline and decreased number of children in family, average number of household members has decreased and nontraditional households such as one person household and households composed of unrelated individuals have prolifirated, even though the absolute number of them are found minimal in Korea. However in recent years several data and survey results suggest that one person households are gradually in the increasing trend. The study aimed at investigating the real state of one person households in Korea and next analyzing the proportional distribution of one person households by a few socioeconomic characteristics, thus providing basic for eatablishing far-singhted population and social welfare policy in the future. Korea has experienced high growth rate of economy through government-led development plans starting from the 1960s. During the past three decades, Korea has shifted from the agricultural state to the industrialized one. In compliance with the economic growth, urbanization and industrialization have brought about rural-to-urban migration and a great bulk of young population migrated to urban areas, who are seeking for educational and job opportunities. Korean society has also been under drastic change in every aspect of life involving norms, tradition, and attitude, etc. Therefore, in spite of the prejudice on 'living alone' still remaining, young people gradually leave parents and home, and further form nontraditional households in urban areas. Current increase in the number of one person households is partly attributable to the increase in high female educational attainment and female participation in economic activities. As the industrial structure in Korea changes from primary into secondary and tertiary industries, job opportunities for service/sales and manufacturing are opened to young female labor force in the process of industrialization. Contrary to the formation of one person households by young people, the aged single households are composed when children in family leave one by one because of marriage, education, employment. In particular, a higher proportion of aged female single households occur in rural areas due to the mortality difference by sex. Based on the data released form the 1990 Population and Housing Census and National Fertility and Family Health Survey in 1985 and 1991, the study tried to examine the state of one person households in Korea. According to Census data, the number of one person households increased to 1, 021, 000 in 1990, comprising 9.0 percent of total households. And the survey reveal that among total 11, 540 households, 8.0 percent, 923 households, are composed of one person households. Generally, the proportion of female single households is greater than that of male ones, and a big proportion of one person households is concentrated in the 25-34 age bracket in urban areas and 65 years and more in rural areas. It is shown than one person householders in urban areas have higher educational attainment with 59.2 percent high schooling and over in 1991, Job seeking proved to be the main reason for leaving home and forming one person households. The number of young female single households with higher education and economic self-reliance are found nil and the study did not allow to analyze the causal realtionship between female education and employment and one person household formation. However more research and deep analysis on the causal facors on one person household formation using statistical method are believed to be necessary.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.168-176
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• 2005

As the pluralistic value in which various cultures and trends exist develops the world at large, development of interior design is required to examine consumers by group. This requirement purports to set up a strategic model of operating interior design organizations under cross-cultural (past and present) enviroment, not to express new researches of interior design following the direction of the developed media service. Based on the educational and complex cultural approach to design matters - the key issue in solving the cross-cultural design matters, this paper has suggested the structure of semi-centralized design process and the system for finding out consumers' trends under the new media-based cultural design environment. This study presents some expected effects. First, it will be able to enhance the consumer-oriented design mind by providing the information on the interior design system and design trend. Through analyzing the lifestyle in the 21st century and providing the relevant information, it will lead irrlprovement in living environment. And further, by using the program of searching consumers' new preference, the system of grasping consumers' propensity and making decisions will be materialized. Secondly, based on the background database of forecasted consumers' trends, marketing strategies can be established. Thirdly, through the better technology of designing living environment, efficiency will be increased and the economic foundations through use of new database will be constructed. Fourth, systematic interior design can be developed. Strategic correspondence to consumers' desires and reinforcement of competitiveness will become possible with development of database. By encouraging consumers' participation under digital environment, their trends can be forecasted, and by efficiently using information and new technology, resources can be saved and further, additional costs for promotion and sales will be reduced.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 브리즈번 지역 현지인 대학생들을 대상으로 한식에 대한 인식과 선호도를 조사하여 한식의 세계화를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있도록 제공하는데 있다. 분석 방법은 빈도 분석과 T-test를 실시하였으며, 조사 기간은 2010년 5월 3일부터 6월 18일까지 실시하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한식에 대한 인식은 한국 음식은 맛이 좋고, 맵고, 건강에 좋고, 이국적인 재료를 사용하고, 메뉴가 다양하고, 곡류 및 채소 위주인 음식으로 인식을 하고 있었다. 한식에 대한 인식 차이는 한국 음식은 건강에 좋다, 한국 음식은 발효식품이 많다, 한국 음식은 곡류 및 채소 위주이다에서 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 맛에 대한 선호도에서는 가장 좋아하는 맛으로는 단맛, 가장 싫어하는 맛으로는 싱거운 맛으로 나타났으며, 가장 선호하는 메뉴로는 불고기, 비빔밥, 김치찌개, 김밥 순으로 나타났다. 기대효과로는 한식과 관련된 정부 부서 및 교육 기관과 현지에서 한식당을 운영하고 있는 경영자에게 한식의 세계화와 영업 전략에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2012

최근 사회적으로 이슈인 폭력에 의한 손상의 양상을 파악하고 사회경제적 요인과의 관련성을 분석하여 정책개발 및 예방 사업의 기초자료로 제공하고자 하였다. 의료기관 기반 손상감시체계인 응급실 손상환자 표본심층조사자료를 활용하여, 폭력에 의한 손상과 그 외 손상의 양상을 비교하였고, 성, 연령, 교육수준, 직업을 상호 통제한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석 하였다. 여성이 남성보다 폭력에 의한 손상에 노출될 위험이 컸고, 나이는 적을수록 폭력에 의한 손상의 위험이 컸다. 고학력일수록 폭력에 노출될 확률이 적었고, 직업별로는 서비스 및 판매 종사자, 무직, 단순노무 종사자 순으로 위험이 컸다. 손상의 결과가 전원, 입원, 사망일 확률은 남성, 60대, 대학 이상의 교육수준, 농림어업 숙련 종사자에서 높았지만, 상관성은 없었다. 결론적으로 일부 사회경제적 요인(성, 연령, 교육수준, 직업)의 차이가 폭력으로 인한 손상 위험에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2015

우리나라 여성들의 노동시장 참여는 계속 증가해 왔지만, 이 증가를 이끈 주된 고용 형태는 정규직이 아니라 비정규직이었다. 남성 배우자의 임금이 불안정해지거나 혹은 일자리를 잃게 되면 특히 저학력 저소득층의 40대 이상 여성들은 가족의 생계를 전담하거나 보조하기 위해 노동시장으로 나오지만, 우리 사회는 이들을 노동시장의 가장 하위 집단으로 취급하면서 비정규직으로 채용하는 것을 당연시한다. 여성 비정규직 속에는 20대 아르바이트생, 고학력 전문직 계약직 여성들, 학습지 교사와 같은 특수고용형태 노동자, 고령의 저학력 판매 서비스직 여성들도 포함되어 있다. 이런 배경에서 본 논문은 우리나라 비정규직 여성 중 가장 취약 집단이자 대표 집단은 누구인지 규명하는 데 일차 목적이 있으며, 아울러 그들을 위한 소득보장 제도로는 무엇이 합당할지 검토하는데 이차 목적이 있다. 문헌분석과 통계수치 분석을 연구방법으로, 본 연구는 우리나라 여성 비정규직의 중에서, 40대 이상, 저학력, 저소득이면서, 남성배우자가 부재하거나 남성 소득에만 의지할 수 없는, 판매직 서비스직 단순노무직 여성들일수록 상대적으로 더욱 비정규직으로 취업한다는 결과를 제시한다. 따라서 그들을 위한 소득보장 제도는 정규직 위주, 남성 위주의 고용보험 제도의 개선보다는 실업부조의 도입이 더 현실적이고 시급함을 주장하고자 한다.