• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2000

In order to develop new materials for the functional food, the components of safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) sprout was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the leaf and the stem parts of 2 weeks grown safflower sprout were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower spout was 12.7% (w/w) moisture, 28.5% crude protein, 10.1% crude fat, and 5.3% crude ash. Mineral contents of the leaf part were P 49%, K 22%, Mg 15%, Ca 10% whereas these of the stem part were K 51%, P 27%, S 10%, Ca 7%, Mg 4%. Other mineral contents were less than 2% in both parts. Especially, Pt was 0.18 ppb and 0.17 ppb in the leaf and the stem parts, respectively. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in the leaf and the stem were aspartic acid and glutamic acid, the contents of these were 10.7mg/g, 10mg/g in the leaf, 11.3 mg/g, 8.4 mg/g in the stem, respectively. The major fatty acids in the leaf and the stem parts were linoleic acid and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in the leaf and the stem parts were 67% (w/w) and 47% whereas the $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in those parts were 14% (w/w) and 11%, respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower sprout showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals including small amount of Pt, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid and $\alpha$ -linolenic acid. These results suggested that safflower sprout was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

Eight flavonoids, apigenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosy l-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (AGG), quercetin 7-O-β-D­glucopyranoside (QG), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (LG), quercetin 7-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (QAG), luteolin 7-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(LAG), quercetin (Q), luteolin (L) and acacetin 7-O-β­D-glucuronide (AG) were determined by HPLC in the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaf during growth and processing. During growth, levels of five flavonoid glycosides (AGG, QG, LG, QAG, & LAG) in the leaf increased progressively at over time according to growth stages, reached a maximum before June 11, and then decreased sharply, while those of three flavonoid aglycones (Q, L, & AG) increased greatly at the early stage of growth, reached a peak before May 28, and then decreased rapidly. During the steaming process, contents of five flavonoid glycosides increased rapidly with increased steaming time, reached a maximum after 5 min of steaming, and then decreased, whereas those of flavonoid aglycones except for AG decreased sharply with increased steaming time. During the roasting process, contents of three flavonoid glycosides decreased rapidly with increased roasting time, whereas those of two acetylflavonoid glycosides (QAG & LAG) and three flavonoid aglycones increased progressively with increased roasting time, reached a maximum after 3 min of roasting, and then decreased. These results suggest that appropriate steamed and roasted safflower leaves are a rich source of flavonoids, and may be a good source of bioactive components as a functional leaf tea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.159-161
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• 2003

Leaf spot diseases were found on safflower (Carthamus thinctorius) leaf in several fields located in Euisong-Gun, Gyengbuk province in Korea. The infected leaf rate of the diseases in surveyed area were different each years from 2001 to 2003 such as about 5%, 10%, and 30%, repectively. The typicla symptoms of diseases appeared first as small, light brown spots on leaves. And then spot turn dark brown and magnified. And yellow decoloration zone appeared surrounding dark brown spots. Mycological characteristics of Alternaria carthami, isolated from safflower mature leaf spot were dark gray colonies, conidiophores simple erect, septated, 40~80 ${\mu}m$ length; conidia solitary, straight, body size fo without beak length 40~100${\mu}m$, 10~15${\mu}m$ thick, Number of transverse septa 4~10 and longitudinal septa 4~7 ; beak with 2~4 septa, 30~65${\mu}m$ length. And A. alternata, isolated from old leaf were gray~dark gray colonies, conidiophores simple or branched, 20~110 ${\mu}m$ length; conidia long chaines, short conical or cylindrical beak, 2~6 transverse septa and several longitudinal septa, body size of without beak length 30~60 ${\mu}m$, 10~20 ${\mu}m$ thick ; beak length 5~35 ${\mu}m$. These are the first report on the leaf spot of safflower caused by Alternaria carthami, A alternata in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.22-39
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• 2003

Biological activity of phenolic compounds in seeds and leaves of safflower (Carthamu tinctorius L.) were evaluated using several in vitro and in vivo assays. Six phenolic constituents were isolated from the seeds and identified as N-feruloylserotonia, N- (p-coumaroyl)serotonin, matairesinol, 8′-hydroxyarctigenin, acacetin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucoside (tilianine) and acacetin. Six phenolic compounds exhibited considerable antioxidative activity, and especially two serotonins showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and antiperoxidative activity against rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by the hydroxyl radical generated via a Fenton-type reaction. Additionally, six phenolic compounds possessed comparable cytotoxicity against three cancer cells, Hela cell, MCF-7 and HepG2 cell, and particularly acacetin and its glycosides had the most potent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we found that feeding safflower seeds attenuated bone loss, and lowered levels of plasma and liver lipids in ovariectomized rats. Serotonins, lignans and flavones stimulated proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells in a dose-dependent manner (10$^{-15}$ ~10$^{-6}$ M), as potently as E$_2$ (17$\beta$-estradiol). Particularly, serotonins were mainly responsible for bone-protecting and lipid lowering effects in ovariectomized rats. Meanwhile, eight flavonoids, including a novel quercetin-7-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside and seven kown flavonoids, luteolin quercetin, luteolin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-$\beta$-D-gluco-pyranoside, quercetin 7-O- -glucopyranoside, acacetin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucuronide and apigenin-6-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside were first isolated and identified from safflower leaf. Among these flavonoids, luteolin-acetyl-glucoside and $\beta$quercetin- acetyl-glucoside showed potent antioxidative activities against 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Luteolin, quercetin and their corresponding glycosides also exhibited strong antioxidative activity, while acacetin glucuronide and apigenin-6, 8-di-C-glucoside were relatively less active. Finally, changes in phenolic compositions were also determined by HPLC in the safflower seed and leaf during growth stages and roasting process to produce standardized supplement powerds. These results suggest that phenolic compounds in the roasted safflower seed and leaf may be useful as potential sources of therapeutic agents against several pathological disorders such as carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

Safflower, a draught and salt tolerant oil seed crop of Compositae family, has been cultivated around the world mainly as source of edible oils and dyes, where India, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Ethiopia contributing about 85% of the production altogether. In this study we have characterized some selected morphological properties of safflower plant and determined the the total phenolic content (TPC) and fatty acid composition in seeds of 237 genetic resources. All the seed coats were white colored while the petals had red, yellow and white pigments. The yellow was the predominant petal color being recorded in 182 accessions followed by red occurring in 49 accessions. The petal color of 47 of the accessions changed with development while the 190 accession showed no change of color. The leaves are ovate to obovate, mostly with dentate (21 moderate and 205 weak) and few smooth (11) margins. The plant length, leaf length, and leaf width were ranged between 65.7 and 160.8 cm, 14.3 and 37.0 cm, and 3.3 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and fatty acid compositions were evaluated using gas chromatography. The TPC content ranged from 23.71 to 132.72 µgGAE/mg dried extract (DE). The seeds of safflower genetic resources accounted an average crude fat content of 26.25% (14.84 to 41.70%). The total fatty acid is mainly comprised of 71.72% linoleic acid (18:2) and 20.08% oleic acid (18:1) on average, the remaining palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) contributing 5.84, 2.23 and 0.15 %, respectively. The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds has shown great variability, where oleic and linoleic acid have a wide range of variation, from 9.23 to 83.35% and from 10.46 to 82.62%, respectively

• Mycobiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-53
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• 2000

The powdery mildew of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) extensively occurred at 1999 at the experimental farm of Kyongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. Both sides of the leaves and the older stems were covered with the fungus, and then the leaves and stems turned yellow. The conidia, conidiophores and perithecia were observed on the leaf lesion. Perithecia were ellipsoidal, $80-117\;{\mu}m$ in diameter. Asci were subglobose and $84{\sim}99{\times}59{\sim}73\;{\mu}m$ in size. Ascospore were ellipsoidal to ovoid, and $15{\sim}34{\times}11{\sim}23\;{\mu}m$ in size. Conidia were ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, $25{\sim}37{\times}11{\sim}22\;{\mu}m$ in size and formed in long chains. The causal organism was identified as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. This is the first report on powdery mildew of safflower caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2000

Morphological characteristics of 16 collected safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)accessions were studied at Gyongbuk A.T.A. Uisong Medicinal Plant Experiment Station in 1998. As for plant height, 5 lines were tall(more than 131cm), which were mainly foreign safflower. Middle and small were 5 and 6 accessions, respectively. Number of branch per plant was 11∼13 in 2 accessions of domestic safflowers while foreign safflowers have more than 50 branches per plant. Leaf shapes were oblong(3 lines), lanceolate(10 lines) and broadly linear(3 lines). There were three types of leaf margin shape which were repand(7 lines), serrate(4 lines) and parted serrate(5 lines). Flower color was white(1 line), yellow(13 lines) and red orange(2 lines). As for flower head shape, 14 lines were conical and 2 lines were flattened. There were thorns on bract of flower head in 11 lines but in 5 lines there were not. Domestic safflower lines had seeds of conical shape. Contrastively, seed shapes of foreign saffower lines were oval.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.400-404
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• 2011

Safflower is called as the 'beneficial flower' because 'it helps human health', and it was introduced as red flower in Tonguibogam due to the red color of floral leaf. From old times, it has been used for the material of cloth and rouge. Recently, polyphenol compound, the main ingredient of safflower, known as anti-aging and anti-oxidizing material in the healthy food industry becomes the emerging hot topic. This study aims to confirm by DDT (Disk Diffusion Test) assay, MTT assay, and NF-${\kappa}$B Luciferase activity inhibition assay in vitro that polyphenol compound, which is the main ingredient of safflower, has the anti-microbial efficacy to inhibit the growth of acne germs that make troubles for the teenagers or middle aged. Also it aims to evaluate its clinical efficacy on the acne skin, utilizing the facial cleansing cosmetic form of soap sample. This study can contribute to take a major step forward to the development of cosmetic soap for acne in the cosmeceutical industry.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.348-349
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• 2008

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.733-738
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• 2003

Chemical compositions and DPPH radical scavenger activity in different sections of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) were investigated. Protein contained 28.39% in sprout and fat contained 20.47% in seed, respectively. Linoleic acid as predominant unsaturated fatty acid of safflower contained 80.01% in sprout and 78.27% in seed. Glucose contained 1253.6mg% in sprout and fructose contained 970.7mg% in sprout. Sucrose contained 912.0mg% in flower bud. Succinic acid was included 2795.3 mg% in flower, malic acid was included 2054.8mg% in leaf. K as minerals contained 2826.8mg% in leaf and 2613,6 mg% in sprout, Ca contained 1999.8mg% in leaf and 1160.9mg% in sprout. Total phenolics contained 5.8%, 4.7%, 4.4% in flower, sprout and leaf, and total flavonoid contained 6.5%, 2.5%, 2.0% in flower, sprout and leaf, respectively Serotonin-I (Ν- [2- (5-hydroxy - l Η- indol -3- yl)ethyl] ferulamide) as serotonin compounds was determined 147.7mg% in seed, serotonin - II (Ν-［2-(5-hydroxy-lΗ-indo-1-3yl )ethyl]-p-coumaramide) was determined 155.4 mg% in seed. Acacetin as flavonoid compounds was contained 116.5mg% in seed. Luteolin as flavonoid compounds was identified 388.3mg% in sprout, luteolin 7-glucoside was determined 692.3mg% in leaf, respectively. DPPH radical scavenger activity was measured by DPPH method, it was shown higher 114.2% in ethanol extract of flower and 113.6% in ethanol extract of leaf than 88.05% of 100 ppm BHA as chemical antioxidant.