• Korean Security Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.293-326
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• 2014

Piracy is a worldwide issue, but the deteriorating security situation in the seas off Somalia, the Gulf of Aden and the wider Western Indian Ocean between 2005 and 2012 and in the increasing number of attacks in the Gulf of Guinea are a major problem. The depth of concern for the problem internationally is amply demonstrated by the levels of co-operation and coordination among naval and other forces from several countries that have assembled in the west Indian Ocean region and the Gulf of Aden to escort ships carrying humanitarian aid to Somalia and to protect vulnerable shipping. Notwithstanding this unprecedented effort, the vast sea area in which the pirates now operate makes it difficult to patrol and monitor effectively, particularly with the limited resources available. More resources, in the form of naval vessels and aircraft, are needed and at every opportunity the IMO encourages Member Governments to make greater efforts to provide the additional naval, aerial surveillance and other resources needed through every means possible. IMO provide interim guidance and recommendations to be taken into account when considering the use of PCASP(privately contracted armed security personnel) if and when a flag State determines that such a measure would be lawful and, following a full risk assessment, appropriate. The interim guidance and recommendations of IMO are not intended to endorse or institutionalize the use of armed guards. Therefore, they do not represent any fundamental change of policy by the Organization in this regard. It is for each flag State, individually, to decide whether or not PCASP should be authorized for use on board ships flying their flag. If a flag State decides to permit this practice, it is up to that State to determine the conditions under which authorization will be granted. Therefore, Korea should be introduced rationally PCASP for safe shipping. PCASP on board ships is much the same to special guard personnel of security services industry act. Act plan of Oceans and fisheries ministry on PCASP collides with special guard personnel system of National Police Agency. Rather than new law making, PCASP regukations have to be included in security services industry act. Management Agency of PCASP is to not Oceans and fisheries ministry, but Central Headquarters Korea Coast Guard of Public Safety and Security Ministry because of specialty and closely connection.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.255-268
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• 2010

Objectives : In the field of dental hygiene, infections pose a serious problem. This issue has left many patients and dental staff exposed to microbes with potentially far-reaching effects. The purpose of this study was to find solutions which could improve Dental health policies and promote improved methods for the control of infections. This survey was conducted between March 3, 2008 and March 30, 2008, in the metropolitan area. The research was carried out in dental clinics and dental hygienists were surveyed through a questionnaire. Methods : Collected data was examined using the SPSS 14.0 program, using frequency, mean and standard deviation analysis, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe's test and Duncan's test. Further analysis was given using Logistic Regression. Results : The Performance of Infection Control by dental hygienists in Dental Clinics was shown at $2.96{\pm}0.42$. Disinfection, sterilization and the wearing of masks is high at $3.65{\pm}0.64$, $3.64{\pm}0.65$. The perception of the importance of infection control is higher among dental hygienists than dentists. Of the dental hygienists surveyed, 83.9% were exposed to at least one accident while at work. Age and years of experience were important in relation to infection control practices. The rate of infections and the number of accidents experienced related to the dental hygienists performance of infection control. The performance of infection control is influenced by the dental hygienists own perceptions, and the perceptions of their dentists. The dental hygienist's working conditions and their beliefs related to infection control were shown to influence their performance of infection control practices. Conclusion : At the conclusion of this investigation, it was determined that systematic refresher training of infection control should be delivered through further education and various media. Dental health care workers should be encouraged to practice these action items presented in the training. For successful implementation of infection control in every dental health-care setting, it is highly demanded that effective safe-guard tools, strategic support and standardized action items against infection problems are developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2020

This study recognizes problems in the current system of providing navigation safety information (NSI), which is centered on merchant ships, to prevent maritime accidents of fishing boats and small vessels in coastal areas. The system proposed in this study is an effective method of providing NSI to support the safe navigation of small vessels such as fishing boats. First, the status and characteristics of recent maritime accidents were examined, and NSI service targets were identified. Second, the limitations of the current NSI system were determined, and measures were proposed to establish an NSI Integrated Platform (NSIP) that ensures the integration, accessibility, and usability of NSI for a substantial portion of the public. Third, to utilize the NSIP, various NSIs are applied as additional information for the electronic chart system used in the e-navigation ship terminals being developed in connection with the Korean e-navigation project. Functions that set the audiovisual alarm function to automatically operate when a ship enters a navigation risk zone is proposed. These functions are technically achieved by reviewing expert opinions of related organizations and professional producers. The results of this study suggest that NSI can be applied to small vessels such as fishing boats, through the Korean e-Navigation project, to prevent maritime accidents caused by the human error of navigators.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.227-243
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• 2006

In modern society, private securities have developed their capabilities continuously. However, despite the fact that not only security industries have been considerably expanded in quantity, but also plenty of scholars published diverse papers relating to security problems, qualitative growths of private securities have not accomplished fully. Especially, securing the President would not be guaranteed only by PSS(Presidential Security Service). In order to secure the President successfully, it is necessary for all the social parts to strive to protect the President. In this respect, improving private securities, including academic fields, might be critical so as to succeed in securing the President. Without the supports from private securities, there might be lots of security problems in national context. Therefore, this study proposes several policy suggestions for the cooperation among PSS, private security industries and academic fields: (1) Providing a lot of practical knowledge from PSS to college students, (2) Personnel exchange between academic parts and PSS to promote the efficiency of securing the President, (3) Furnishing diverse information and knowledge about security to private securities, (4) Formulating security-searching standards, (5) Expanding educational institutions under PSS.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.33-51
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• 2008

According to dictionary, the meaning of protection is "guard and protect" that means protecting the Protectee's safety in case of sudden attack or various accident and Security means all protecting activity including Protectee and place where he is in or will be as comprehensively meaning of safe. As you see in the definition, Protection and security is the act to protect or will to protect from a security-threat act. A security-threat act can be discussed in the range of the concept of a criminal act in Criminal Law. A security-threat act is based on criminal act in Criminal Law, we are going to review such a security-threat act in a point of view in a sphere of learning in today's remarkable a brain-neuro science and cognitive science based on cognitive psychology, and to use an analysis on such a security-threat act to make a foundation for a establishment of the scientific preventive social security countermeasure. To do so, First of all we are going to review a security-threat act based on criminal act in Criminal Law in a point of protection police logic view. Next, we are going to introduce how cognitive science understand about act of man before we analyse a threat act as one of an act of man in cognitive science point of view. Finally, we are going to discuss the need of cognitive scientific analyse in order to establish the Scientific Preventive Social-security Countermeasure at the same time we are going to analyse a threat act in a cognitive scientific view.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.91-97
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• 2000

With the brilliant development of information communication and the rapid spread of internet, current network communication is carrying several up-to-date functions such as electronic commerce, activation of electro currency or electronic signature and will produce more advanced services in the future. Information communication network such as that electronic commerce would demand the more safe and transparent guard of network, and anticipate the more fast performance of network. In this paper, in order to meet the several demands, DES(data encryption standard) with parallel feistel structure, which feistel structure of the basic structure of DES is transformed into in parallel, is proposed. The existing feistel structure can't use pipeline method for the structural problem of DES itself-the propagation of error. therefore, this modified parallel feistel structure could improve largely the performance of DES which had to have the trade-off relation between data processing speed and data security and in addition a method proposed in SEED having adopted the modified parallel feistel structure shows more excellent secure function and/or fast processing ability. The used CAD Tool use Synopsys Ver. 1999. 10 in both of synthesis and simulation.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

For the prevention of marine casualties, international bodies have mainly focused on strengthening ship's stability and design, maritime education and training, and improving maritime traffic environment. Statistics analysis on marine casualties showed that most of casualties occurred in coastal waters, especially by human elements. In order to review the conformity of existing prevention measures with the result of the statistics analysis, the IMO's SHELL model was applied to the established measures. As a result, ergonomic approaches were needed for the prevention of human errors in coastal waters, so that the priority should be given to the interface between ship's operator and navigational environment. For this study, Rasmussen's SRK pyramid, which showed decision making mechanism of human, and the US Coast Guard's investigation manual on marine casualties concerning the collapse of safe maritime transportation system were reviewed, and the merits and demerits within the risk assessment tools such as IWRAP, PAWSA, ES model, PARK model, and NURI model were also studied. Although the effectiveness of the existing risk assessment models was proved in ports and approaching channels, it is concluded that the need of new models for converting Korean seafarers' qualitative risk to quantitative risk was proposed so as to print hazard maps which make seafarers instinctively recognize comparative hazard levels of coastal waters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.841-850
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• 2019

The Korean government has designated speed-limit zones and speed limits in 19 ports and 3 routes to ensure safe navigation and transportation. However, the speed limit differs from port to port, no practical means of management exist. This often leads to violation of the speed limit. Additionally, ship collisions due to human error continue to occur. First, the study analyzed marine accidents that occurred at trade ports and fairways. The result of the analysis revealed the occurrence of 1344 accidents (average 269 cases per year) from 2014 to 2018. Five hundred sixty three accidents involved fishing boats, whereas, merchant vessels were involved in 508 cases. Second, the efficacy of the application of voice and message warnings to GPS plotters and electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) was reviewed, and these were proposed as measures to inform vessel operators of the hazards of speed limit violation. Third, experts' opinions from relevant agencies and navigation system manufacturers were consulted and it was found that the proposed warning function was technically implementable. The findings are expected to help reduce human error among ship operators and establish a Korean e-navigation system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

On December 31, 2018, an incident occurred where a doctor was attacked and killed by a patient carrying a lethal weapon in the outpatients' clinic of the psychiatric department of a tertiary general hospital. The suspect was diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (manic depressive disorder) and has been hospitalized and cared for in the psychiatric ward of this hospital. This incident illustrates the necessity of more active cures and therapeutic intervention for mental patients with intellectual developmental disorders who require treatment considering the fact that a radical outcome has been caused by such a patient. However, on the other hand, there is also a need for an approach and analysis from the perspective of crime prevention for all medical departments. The reason for this is that even a tertiary general hospital equipped with the largest human resources, medical devices, facilities, and so forth, is susceptible to violence. As for illegal actions perpetrated against health and medical service personnel in medical institutions, such as verbal abuse, assault, injury, etc. there have neither been understanding shown for the current extent of damage in detail, nor discussions of active institutional improvement related to the seriousness of the act. It can be said that violence in the field of medical treatment is a realm requiring serious discussion and appropriate remedial actions. This is because when such incidents take place, if a patient who is supposed to get treatment from the damaged health care provider is in an urgent situation or on the waiting list of serious cases, he or she could suffer serious damage caused by deprivation of treatment opportunity, or secondary damage might be caused to the patient and/or a guardian who can hardly have an opportunity to take action. Accordingly, in this review, we would like to help create the necessary conditions for both health and medical service personnel and patients/guardians, respectively, to provide and receive medical treatment in a more secure environment. Therefore, objective assessment of the institution and issues relating to this aforementioned incident and general cases of violence occurring in medical institutions, and by suggesting legal and institutional improvements and solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2021

When oil tankers, large passenger ships and cargo ships sink under the sea owing to various maritime accidents, the residual cargo oil or fuel oil in the such vessels could pose direct risk to factor for the marine environment and it require safe and rapid removal. Although domestic and foreign salvage companies are adopting various recovery methods and technologies with customizations according to each site during recovery operations studies on reasonable assessment modules for the operation process are relatively insufficient. In this study, the data from trapped-oil recovery operations performed at different site conditions were collected and analyzed in order to designed an operation assessment module, define the operational process steps in terms of preparation, implementation and completion, and derive key factors for each detailed process. Subsequently, the module was designed in such a way as to construct performance indicators to assess these key factors. In order to exclude subjective opinions from the assessment as much as possible, the assessment each item was constructed with indicators based on data that could be evaluated quantitatively and its usefulness was verified by applying the module to the trapped-oil recovery operation cases. We expect this the method and the technology assessment module for the trapped-oil recovery operation on sunken vessels will help to verify the adequacy of the trapped-oil recovery such operation before or after. Furthermore, it is expected that the continuous accumulation of assessment data and feedback from past or future operation cases will contribute toward enhancing the overall safety, efficiency and field applicability of trapped-oil recovery operation.