• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.13
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• 2023

Background: As Actinobacillus pleuropneumonniae (APP) infection causes considerable losses in the pig industry, there is a growing need to develop effective therapeutic interventions that leverage host immune defense mechanisms to combat these pathogens. Objectives: To demonstrate the role of microRNA (miR)-127 in controlling bacterial infection against APP. Moreover, to investigate a signaling pathway in macrophages that controls the production of anti-microbial peptides. Methods: Firstly, we evaluated the effect of miR-127 on APP-infected pigs by cell count/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then the impact of miR-127 on immune cells was detected. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were evaluated by ELISA. The expression of cytokines (anti-microbial peptides [AMPs]) was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression level of IL-6, TNF-α and p-P65 were analyzed by western blot. The expression of p65 in the immune cells was investigated by immunofluorescence. Results: miR-127 showed a protective effect on APP-infected macrophage. Moreover, the protective effect might depend on its regulation of macrophage bactericidal activity and the generation of IL-22, IL-17 and AMPs by targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor3 (SIPR3), the element involved in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) cascades. Conclusions: Together, we identify that miR-127 is a regulator of S1PR3 and then regulates TLR/nuclear factor-κB signaling in macrophages with anti-bacterial acticity, and it might be a potential target for treating inflammatory diseases caused by APP.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 2016

Mulberry tree twigs (Ramulus mori) contain large amounts of oxyresveratrols and have traditionally been used as herbal medicines because of their anti-inflammatory properties. However, the signaling mechanism by which R. mori exerts its anti-inflammatory action remains to be elucidated. In this study, we observed that R. mori ethanol extracts (RME) exerted an inhibitory effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Additionally, RME inhibited IL-6 production by blocking the leukotriene B₄ receptor-2 (BLT2)-dependent-NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade, leading to anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, RME suppressed the production of the BLT2 ligands LTB4 and 12(S)-HETE by inhibiting the p38 kinase-cytosolic phospholipase A₂-5-/12-lipoxygenase cascade in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Overall, our results suggest that RME inhibits the 'BLT2 ligand-BLT2'-linked autocrine inflammatory axis, and that this BLT2-linked cascade is one of the targets of the anti-inflammatory action of R. mori.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2018

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has been widely explored for its medicinal applications. However, most of the studies had targeted the green tea leaf, while other parts remained unexplored. In this study, protective effect of green tea root extract on Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEKs) against the damage induced by an external stimulant (PM2.5) was confirmed. Thirty-year-old green tea root samples were collected from Amorepacific's Dolsongi tea field and green tea root extract was prepared with 70% ethanol. Total crude saponin content in green tea root extract was 54%, which is much higher than that in ginseng extract. Our results suggest that green tea root extract can be used as a natural surfactant in cosmetics. For evaluating its protective effect against the damage induced by PM2.5, IL-36G was used as a biomarker. IL-36G mRNA expression level increased remarkable upon PM2.5 treatment in NHEKs. Moreover, IL-36G was recently reported to be expressed in psoriasis lesions. Results showed significant decrease of IL-36G expression by treatment of green tea root extract. In conclusion, thirty-year-old green tea root extract can be used as a natural surfactant with a high saponin content and may have protective effect against the damage induced by PM2.5.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.995-1000
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• 2006

Three new compounds orizaanthracenol (1-methoxyanthracen-2-ol, 1), 1-hydroxy-7-((2S,3R,4R,5S)-2'',3'',4''-trihydroxy-5''-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-1-yloxy)anthracen- 2-yl 3',7'-dimethyloctanoate (2) and 1-hydroxy-7-((2S,3R,4R,5S)-2'',3'',4''-trihydroxy-5''-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-1-yloxy)anthracen- 2-yl 3',7',11',15',19'-pentamethyltricosanoate (3) have been isolated and determined from the rice hulls of Oryza sativa. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectral methods, viz: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and HSQC, and HMBC aided by IR, EIMS and FAB-MS. These isolated compounds were tested in bioassay on germination of radish to detect their inhibitory activities, in which compound 1 exhibited the most inhibition at the concentration of 40 ppm was 50.96% of total dry weight. Furthermore, germination and growth of radish were reduced by 27 to 48%, and dry weight of shoot and root were arranged from 50 to 52%, whilst compounds 2 and 3 exhibited weak inhibition than 1.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.847-854
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• 2004

Allergy is a multi-factorial disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. As the number of allergy-affected people is increasing in developed countries, there is an increasing interest in genetic predisposition to the allergy. A number of genes and chromosomal region have been identified to be linked to allergy including rhinitis, asthma and atopy. In order to understand the genetic background for the allergy-affected people, we investigated genetic predisposition among students enrolled in Busan Science Academy. Among 138 students, about 30% students had some allergy-related disorder including rhinitis, asthma and atopy. We analyzed several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within two genes, Inter-leukin-4(IL-4) and Interleukin-4 receptor(IL-4R), which are involved in the induction of allergy reaction with the Th2 immunity. For 96 samples obtained from students, we analyzed 9 SNPs including -590 C/T and -34 C/T in IL-4, and I75V, Q576R, E375A, e406R, 5411L, S761P and S727A in IL-4R. From the analysis, these SNPs showed slight differences among normal and allergy-affected students, but these differences was not enough to predict the predisposition to the allergy. In contrast to previous reports, we could not find SNP(s) related with allergy. These results suggest that genetic tests recently performed in Korea widely have to be reassessed for its validity of genetic predisposition. [Supported by grants from MOST]

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2023

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of safer and more effective soothing materials to calm skin that has become sensitive to various external factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the skin soothing and anti-inflammatory effects of COMPAREX compared to Portulaca Oleracea extract. The results showed that COMPAREX significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and the expression of inflammatory factors iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 more than P. oleracea extract. In addition, COMPAREX has been confirmed to have a more effective sedative effect by further inhibiting the gene and protein expression of IL-1α against SDS stimulation than the Portulaca Oleracea extract. Furthermore, COMPAREX inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors COX-2 and IL-8 increased by PM_2.5 and suppressed H₂O₂-mediated carbonylated protein in hair cell. These results suggest that COMPAREX has shown the potential to be used as an improved natural soothing material over P. oleracea extract, and it is expected to be used as a derma cosmetic material in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1035-1045
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• 2016

To evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Peyer's patch cells, mice were treated with a high dose of kanamycin to disturb the gut microbial environment. The overarching goal was to explore the potential of LAB for use as a dietary probiotic that buffers the negative consequences of antibiotic treatment. In vitro, LAB stimulated the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from isolated Peyer's patch cells. Inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) were up-regulated in Caco-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while tight-junction-related genes (ZO-1 and occludin) were down-regulated; the effects of LPS on inflammatory gene and tight-junction gene expression were reversed by treatment with LAB. Mice treated with a high dose of kanamycin showed increased serum IgE levels and decreases in serum IgA and fecal IgA levels; the number of Peyer's patch cells decreased with kanamycin treatment. However, subsequent LAB treatment was effective in reducing the serum IgE level and recovering the serum IgA and fecal IgA levels, as well as the number of Peyer's patch cells. In addition, ZO-1 and occludin mRNA levels were up-regulated in the ileum tissues of mice receiving LAB treatment. Lactic acid bacteria can enhance the intestinal immune system by improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and increasing the production of IgA in Peyer's patches. Lactic acid bacteria should be considered a potential probiotic candidate for improving intestinal immunity, particularly in mitigating the negative consequences of antibiotic use.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1031-1040
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• 2013

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that commensally colonizes human mucosal surfaces. The aim of this study was to assess the role of different C. albicans morphologies in inducing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines in macrophages. Macrophages may respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns via TLR2 and TLR4 by expressing cytokines. The hyphal transition of C. albicans was induced by 20% serum (S), RPMI-1640 (R), or $39^{\circ}C$ culture (H). Macrophages were then challenged with either yeast (Y) or different hyphae cultures of C. albicans, followed by RT-PCR and FACS analysis of PRRs expression. In addition, macrophages were stimulated with either yeast or different hyphae cultures of C. albicans used by RT-PCR and Bio-Plex analysis of cytokines production. Macrophages expressed high levels of TLR4 and dectin-1 after stimulation with Y cells. In contrast, stimulation with H or R cells strongly increased the expression of TLR2 and dectin-2. Stimulation with Y cells significantly enhanced the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ and weakly increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-12. Stimulation with hyphal cells (S, R, and H) strongly increased IL-10 expression, but weakly reduced IL-$1{\beta}$ expression. The phagocytosis activity and NO production of macrophages were decreased upon treatment with hyphal cells compared with yeast, and depended on the length of hyphae. In summary, the yeast and hyphae forms of C. albicans resulted in an induction of different PRRs, with accompanying differences in immune cell cytokine profiles.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2021

This study was conducted to identify the efficacy related to skin barrier functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, cornified envelope formation and the alleviation effect of keratinocyte damage caused by S. aureus using the callus extract, which was induced and extracted from the leaves of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Ulleungdo Island. In order to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of the G. pentaphyllum callus extract on the skin, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was investigated in primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) activated with PAR-2 agonist, and the G. pentaphyllum callus extract showed IL-8, IL-25, and TSLP production inhibitory effect. β-Hexosaminidase assay using RBL-2H3 cells was performed to confirm the anti-allergic efficacy, and G. pentaphyllum callus extract showed the effect of inhibiting the release of β-hexosaminidase. In addition, G. pentaphyllum callus extract showed the cornified envelope formation effect in HaCaT cells, and through the co-culture experiment with HaCaT cells and S. aureus, it showed alleviation effect of keratinocyte damage caused by S. aureus. Therefore, G. pentaphyllum callus extract is considered to be a useful cosmetic material for improving skin barrier with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and alleviation effect of keratinocyte damage caused by S. aureus.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.188-199
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• 2002

Objectives : Banhasasim-tang has been clinically used to treat upper gastric intestinal discomfort. The object of this study is to examine the defense effect of Banhasasim-tang for acute duodenal injury of the mouse. Methods and Materials : Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: the control group was untreated mice. The ADE group was acute duodenal-damage-elicited mice. The BST group was Banhasasim-tang treated mice before acute duodenal damage elicitation. The groups were examined with common morphology, paneth cells in intestinal crypt, absorptive cells and goblet cells in epithelium, cell division in mucose, COX-l as mucosal protector, COX-2 (which appears to play an important role in inflammation), IL-2R-inducing cellular immuno-chainreaction, and the distribution of apoptotic cells. Results : 1. Common morphology: the ADE group was observed with duodenal injury - loss of villi, infiltration of cells concerned to inflammation (lymphocytes, granular leukocytes) to submucosal layer - by hemorrhagic erosions, while the BST group was seen the same as normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. 2. Histochemical change: the ADE group was observed with noticeable decreased distribution of absorptive cells with microvilli, acid mucin secreted goblet cell, neutral mucin secreted goblet cell, paneth cells compared to the normal group. The BST group was seen to have distribution of epithelium cells resembling normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. 3. Imnunohistochemical change: the ADE group showed a change of factors leading to duodenal injury as reduce of cytokinesis, COX-1, increase of COX-2, IL-2R-. In contrast, the BST group tended to reduction of cytokinesis, COX-1, increase of COX-2, IL-2R- in proportion to increasing taking time before injury. 4. Apoptosis change: the ADE group showed increasing apoptosis cells, in contrast to the BST group which was the same as normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. Conclusions : According to the above results, by increasing the defense system of mucosal epithelium, Banhasasim-tang is thought to effectively protect tissue against ulcers resulting from acute duodenal injury.