• Health Policy and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 1999

This study reviews the literature of influencing factor on hospital-employed physician's income, and it describes general distribution of hospital-employed physician's income, and analyzes influencing factor of hospital-employed physician's income. A total of 1.795 persons responded to the mail survey. through stratified sampling by 23 branches of medical society in Korean RBRVS study. The design of the study is cross sectional study. and the unit of analysis is a physician. To examine the change of average income per month. multiple regression was used to test the change according to physician's characteristics. demographic characteristics. scale of hospital. average intensity of ordinary work. and specialty. The major findings of this study are as follows; 1. As for physicians working in first referral hospital. the average income of neurosurgeon per month was the largest. being 1.34 times larger than that of the family physician, and that of the emergency physician was the smallest, being 0.78 times smaller than that of the family physician, but that of the ophthalmic and Orthopaedic physician was significantly larger than that of the family physician under the control of control variables. And average income per month was significantly larger for physicians who worked in Seoul metropolitan area than physicians who worked in rural area. 2. The year of physician's career, number of average out-patients per month significantly positively associated, but the number of hospital beds and average intensity of therapy significantly negatively associated with average income per month. 3. As for physicians working in second referral hospital. the average income of the psychiatric physician per month was the largest, being 1.33 times larger than that of the family physician, and that of the emergency physician was smallest, being 0.74 times smaller than that of the family physician., but no significant difference was seen under the control of control variables, and average income per month was significantly larger for physicians who worked in Seoul metropolitan area than physicians who worked in large municipal area. 4. The year of physician's career and number of hospital beds significantly positively associated, but average working hours per month significantly negatively associated with average income per month. In conclusion, the year of hospital-employed physician's career is the largest influencing factor on hospital-employed physicians. But the difference of average income per month according to working regions and to number of hospital beds existed in employed physicians under the control of control variables. So this study has implementation that we must consider the influence of working regions and the number of hospital beds on the income of hospital-employed physicians in making policy for hospital. Being a cross-sectional study, this study can not suggest causal explanations. In the future, experiment or cohort study is needed for causal explanations.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4613-4617
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• 2012

National cancer incidence data were utilized to analyze trends in esophageal cancer incidence in China in order to provide basic information for making cancer control strategy. We retrieved and re-sorted valid esophageal cancer incidence data from National Central Cancer Registry Database over 20 years period from 1989 to 2008. Crude incidence and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated for analysis, with annual percent change estimated by Joinpoint software for long term trend analysis. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was found to have remained relatively stable in both urban and rural areas over the 20 year period. Age standardized incidence rate (ASR) in cancer registration areas decreased from 39.5/100,000 in 1989 to 23.0/100,000 in 2008 in all areas (AAPC=-3.3%, 95% CI:-2.8~-3.7). The trend was no change in urban areas and 2.1% average annual decrease observed in rural aras. Before the year of 2000, esophageal cancer incidence rates significant decreased with 2.8% annually and then the rates kept stable. Over 20 years from 1989 to 2008, esophageal cancer age standardized incidence rate in cancer registration areas decreased with time. However, esophageal cancer is still a big issue and efforts for control should be continuously enhanced. Cancer registration is playing an important role in cancer control with the number of registries increasing and data quality improving in China.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7803-7807
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• 2015

Opisthorchis viverrini infection is a serious public health problem in Southeast Asia especially in the northeast and north of Thailand. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling was conducted from the rural communities of Surin province, Thailand, during September 2013 to July 2014. O. viverrini infection was determined using Kato's thick smear technique. Socio-demographic, information resources, and history data were collected using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 510 participants completed interviews and had stools collected. Some 32 (6.47%) participants were infected with O. viverrini. The rate was slightly higehr in males (6.61%) than females (6.32%). High frequencies were found in the age groups 61-70 (19.4%) and 71-80 years (19.4%), those involved in agriculture (10.5%), and in primary school (10.3%). The distribution of high infection was found in Tha Tum (16.7%) and Sankha district (16.7%), followed by Samrong Thap (13.3%), Si Narong (13.33%), and Buachet district (13.33%). Chi-square testing indicated that age (61-70 and 71-80 year old), education (primary school) and occupation (agriculture), were significantly associated with O. viverrini infection (p-value<0.05). Of 72.6% participants who had past histories with stool examination, 17.0% of them had been infected with O. viverrini and 43.2% treated with praziquantel. This finding confirmed that O. viverrini is still a problem in Surin province, Thailand, and therefore, interventions are urgently required for mass treatment and health education implementation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1671-1674
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• 2014

Background: To study the clinical presentation of cervical carcinoma correlating with histopathological findings in a tertiary hospital situated in the southern part of India catering to rural and semi-urban populations Materials and Methods: 199 cases histopathologically diagnosed as cervical cancer over a period of one year were considered for the study. Clinical details of the patients were noted with the help of semi-structured proforma. The data was analysed by descriptive analysis using SPSS software. Results: Out of 199 patients, 109 had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 51 poorly differentiated and 35 well differentiated. Adenocarcinomas numbered only four. 121 cases were in the age group of 40-59 years, 59 in 60-80 years and 19 in 20-39 years. All four cases of adenocarcinoma were seen between 40-59 years. 95 (47.7%) cases were in women who had 4 or more children, 120 presented with white discharge, 89 with bleeding per vagina and 68 had constitutional symptoms. Most of the patients with adenocarcinoma presented with bleeding per vagina. 151 was in stage IIIB, 29 in stage IIB, 14 in stage IVA and 5 in stage IB. Conclusions: Screening of cervical cancer should be emphasised in women with white discharge especially in rural areas for early detection of dysplastic cells and reduce mortality and morbidity in productive age. In addition health education has to be given to women regarding the awareness of hygiene, risk factors and symptoms of cervical cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5901-5908
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• 2014

Background: Data from BreastScreen Australia Screening and Assessment Services (SAS) for 2002-2010 were analysed to determine whether some SAS characteristics were more conducive that others to high screening performance, as indicated by high priority performance indicators and standards. Materials And Methods: Indicators investigated related to: numbers of benign open biopsies, screen-detected invasive cancers, and interval cancers, and wait times between screening and assessment. Multivariate Poisson regression was undertaken using as candidate predictors of performance, SAS size (screening volume), urban or rural location, year of screening, accreditation status, and percentages of clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, rural and remote areas, and socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Results: Performance standards for benign biopsies and invasive cancer detection were uniformly met irrespective of SAS location and size. The interval cancer standard was also met, except in 2003 when the 95% confidence interval of the rate still incorporated the national standard. Performance indicators improved over time for: benign open biopsy for second or subsequent screening rounds; rates of invasive breast cancer detection for second or subsequent screening rounds; and rates of small cancer detection. No differences were found over time in interval cancer rates. Interval cancer rates did not differ between non-metropolitan and metropolitan SAS, although state-wide SAS had lower rates. The standard for wait time between screening and assessment (being assessed ${\leq}28$ days) was mostly unmet and this applied in particular to SAS with high percentages of culturally and linguistically diverse women in their screening populations. Conclusions: Gains in performance were observed, and all performance standards were met irrespective of SAS characteristics, except wait times to assessment. Additional descriptive data should be collected on SAS characteristics, and their associations with favourable screening performance, as these may be important when deciding on SAS design

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2021

This study was conducted to identify the interest, needs, and preferences for forest healing programs of patients with chronic diseases. A total of 227 individuals with chronic diseases who were admitted to a university hospital were surveyed on the needs and preferences of forest healing programs. The participants of this study were 111 patients (48.9%) with cardiovascular disease, 88 patients (38.8%) with gastrointestinal diseases, 39 patients with musculoskeletal disease (17.2%), and 78 patients (34.3%) with other diseases. About 51% of all participants had heard of the forest healing programs, but 94.3% of the participants said they had no experience in participating. The frequency of forest visits was the most often once a month or not, and the reason for not being able to participate in forest healing programs was "because there was no time to spare." The participants generally preferred a small group programs with family members or their friends for one day or two days. The preferred seasons were spring and autumn, and the preferred time zones were morning and weekend, and the participants preferred outdoor programs rather than indoors. An important factors of the programs were dense forests, trees, landscape, sound, and fresh air. These preferences can be applied when developing forest healing programs for patients with chronic diseases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1978

To try to determine the type of medical service wanted by the rural population, in Chungnam Province, a survey amongst the populations of 6 counties was conducted; Within the 6 counties, 2 local communities, which had no access to local medical services, were surveyed. The 12 communities were actively involved in Sae-maul activities, and total number of households surveyed, was 822. The survey was conducted over a 1 month period, from July 16th, 1976, thru August 20th, and the followings are the results, summarised. 1. The largest number of respondents desired a combination of Public Health Center and Country Hospital, followed in order by Private Clinic and Modern Medical Facility. 2. The respondents, aged under 40 years, desired the Private Clinic type medical service, whilst those over 40 years of age, wanted the County Hospital, and as the numbers in this age bracket, were larger, so the ratio was much higher. 3. Sex, educational background, and occupation did not play any particular emphasis in the decisions. 4. Monthly income affected the responses to the survey. These in the lower-income bracket, wanted the County Hospital, and the ratio was high. These in the high income bracket desired the Modern Medical Service, accordingly. Those with an income of 50,000 won or less, amongst the low-income bracket, favored the Public Health Sub-center type of service. The ratio for this service was very high.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.152-153
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• 1999

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.137-138
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• 1998

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.472-478
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of blood lead and cadmium in urban and rural populations. Blood samples were collected from 100 urban (Busan) residents and 150 rural residents (Jinju-84, Gijang-66) from July 1 to August 30, 2007. The blood lead and cadmium levels were analyzed using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry and were compared by age, gender and smoking status. The mean levels of blood lead in urban-Busan, rural-Jinju and rural-Gijang residents were $6.38{\pm}2.86{\mu}g/dl$, $5.41{\pm}2.16{\mu}g/dl$ and $4.50{\pm}2.87{\mu}g/dl$, respectively. There was a significant difference in the level of blood lead between urban-Busan residents and rural-Gijang residents. The mean levels of blood cadmium in urban-Busan, rural-Jinju and rural-Gijang residents were $0.85{\pm}0.44{\mu}g/l$, $1.57{\pm}0.78{\mu}g/l$ and $0.95{\pm}0.54{\mu}g/l$, respectively. There was a significant difference in the level of blood cadmium between urban-Busan residents and rural-Jinju residents. This study showed that the levels of blood lead and cadmium were significantly different between urban and rural populations. The level of blood lead was highest in urban-Busan residents, but the level of blood cadmium was highest in rural-Jinju residents. Further studies are needed to define the cause of high levels of blood lead and cadmium related to area of residence and personal habits.