• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.8-11
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• 2004

Objective To know about hygienic condition of drinking water in rural area of Kunming. Methods Selected 4 counties with different economy to investigate. In every county, according to the proportion, 10 drinking water spots were selected by randomization of lift drinking water'. Results In 4 areas, surface water for drinking is 82.41%, under water is 17.59%. And concentrated supply is 83.02% by populated proportion, others are 16.98%. 40 specimens qualification rate is 47.50%, and in it concentrated supply is 87.50%, others are 19.05%. Conclusion Unhealthy drinking water exist in most testing counties. Mainly microorganism isn't qualified. Concentrated management in drinking water is batter than other ways.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

To evaluate the quality of drinking water and contamination sources in a rural community, this study was carried out on the summer of 2003 at Shin-Dong Myun, Chun-Cheon, Gang-Won province. Seventy three drinking water samples were collected from three different types of water supply systems. Sources of contamination were identified and the public perception of water quality area were evaluated. The findings of this study are as follows; Drinking water was mainly obtained from Local Water and Simple Piped Water Supply Systems, and pollution sources varied over the study area. Most of residents (＞63%) were satisfied with the quality of drinking water and could not identify any contamination sources. Corresponding to this perception, measured water quality parameters generally met the Drinking Water Quality Standards (＞64%). However, approximately 35.6% of samples exceeded the regulation for Nㅒ$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria. The water quality was significantly different among the three water supply systems, and between the potentially contaminated areas and the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). In the potentially contaminated areas, the levels of coliform and general bacteria contamination were significantly higher than the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). The coliform and general bacteria values of Simple Piped Water were significantly higher than Own Piped Water＇s, and the NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N values of Own Piped Water were significantly higher than those of water＇s (p＜0.05). Based on this study, NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria were identified as a major problem of drinking water. To regularly manage drinking water supply systems, to identify contamination sources, and to add drainage systems are required in the study area.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the degree of contamination in private-drinking water supply (PDWS) and simple-piped water supply (SPWS), and to compare of water quality between them for 3 years from 1990 to 1992. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Private-drinking water supply (PDWS) (1) Field-Site (ㄱ) The items which were very significantly over the criteria (p<0.01), were temp., pH, NO-N, standard plate count (S.P.C.) and Coliform. (ㄴ) No. of households which were over the criteria, were 11.2~51.7% in temp., pH, NH$_3$-N and NO$_2$-N, and 83.1~93.3% in NO-N, S.P.C. and Coliform. (2) Moutain-Site (ㄱ) The items which were over the criteria, were NO$_2$-N (p<0.05), S.P.C. (p<0.01) and Coliform (p<0.01). (ㄴ) No. of households which were over the criteria, were 33.6 ~ 75.6% in NO$_2$-N, S.P.C. and Coliform. (3) No. of households which were fit to the criteria of all items, were 9.0% in field-site and 14.1% in mountain-site. 2. Simple-piped water supply (SPWS) (1) The items which were very significantly over the critera (p<0.01), were standard plate count (S.P.C.) and Coliform. (2) The water qualities of adjacent and remote samples were better than those of source samples. (3) Residual chloride was not detected in any sample. In conclusion, rural community requires to be continually performed the policy of safety drinking water supply, and to be devised an epoch-making counterplan for the level-up of simple-piped water supply (SPWS), espically on the method of disinfection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.369-372
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• 2004

This study presents the hydrogeochmical investigation to know the effect of geology and sources for water quality in small potable water supply system at rural area. The results of water quality in Geumsan area showed the 3.2% of water samples exceeded the limit of drinking water standard by bacteria. The hydrochemical investigation results indicated the high EC, Ca and HCO$_3$ in surface water and metasedimentary rocks and this is caused by the dissolution of calc-slicate minerals of metasedimentary rocks.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 1992

This study was carried out for 1 year between 1990 and 1991. The interviewers visited 513 households to evaluate the perception of the residents using the Simple Piped Water Supply (SPWS), and examined the pollution source surrounding 48 SPWS facilities and water quality by the chemical and microbiological method. The purpose of this study was to find out problems linked with SPWS and to investigate more efficient way of improvement in rural water supply. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) Approximately 44.0% of the sampled population have been served by simple piped water supply. 2) The drinking water was mostly taken from the springs in 8 sites and valley water in 40 sites. 3) Considering the type of distribution of the SPWS, there are 40 natural gravity systems and 8 pumping systems. 4) Out of the 180 SPWS in Chun Sung Area, 73.9% of the SPWS facilities %'ere used more than ten years. 5) 47.4% of the SPWS facilities are neighbored with pollution source. 6) 42.4% of the maintenance crews were not committed to their job but instead, the facilities were operated by some residents or community leaders who were personally concerned about quality of the facilities. 7) About 36.9% of the residents complaind that the amount of daily water supply is not adequate. 8) About 55.6% of the residents felt that the water quality is good for drinking water and therefore, But in contrast, the biochemical tests indicated that most of the SPWS met the drinking water quality standards. 9) Under the present water analysis system, The method of sampling and analysis are not effective, so that analysis system shoud be done by local health center.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to find out more effective schemes on safe water supply in rural area. Then, this study was carried out to investigate drinking water qualities of 20 simple piped water supply systems and 20 water pumps in Chun Sung County, Kang Won Province from 12th December to 24th December, 1983 and was compared this results with the previous results that had been carried out at the same sample sites from 1st July to 30th August, 1981. 1. This results of water quality in winter are better than the previous results in summer because this results are identified as safe 20%, unsafe 35% in simple piped water supply systems, safe 50%, unsafe 20% in water pumps and the previous results are identified as safe 1.8%, unsafe 78.6% in simple piped water supply systems, safe 5.5%, unsafe 73.6% in water pumps. 2. Water qualities of water pumps are better than that of simple piped water supply systems because the former is identified as safe 50%, unsafe 20% and the latter is identified as safe 20%, unsafe 35%. 3. Drinking waters that are in need of chlorination in winter as well as summer are 45% of simple piped water supply systems and 30% of water pumps.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the concentration distributions and formation characteristics of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water supplies to rural communities. Water samples were collected twice from 40 rural households located on the outskirts of Chuncheon city of Gangwon Province in the summers of 2010 and 2011, and urban drinking water samples were collected from 20 faucets during the same period in 2011 for comparison purpose. Water temperature, pH, and residual chlorine (total and free) concentrations were measured in the field, and samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and THM concentrations in the laboratory. The average DOC concentrations in rural water samples were not greatly different between groundwater (n = 20) and surface water (n = 20) which were used as sources for drinking water (1.81 vs. 1.91 mg/L). However, the average concentrations of total THMs (TTHMs) in groundwater ($9.77{\mu}g/L$) were much higher than those in surface water ($2.85{\mu}g/L$) and similar to those in urban drinking water samples ($10.8{\mu}g/L$). Unlike urban water supply, rural water (particularly groundwater) contained more brominated THM species such as dibromochloromethane (DBCM), suggesting its relatively high content of bromide ion (Br-). This study showed that rural water supplies have different THM formation characteristics from urban water supplies, probably due to their differences in source water quality properties.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2019

Solar pumps, for water lift systems, is becoming popular in rural areas for supplying drinking water in dry seasons when its need is elevated. The development in technology has also made solar pumps readily available and cheap which has increased its demands. So, for scattered settlements having a limited budget for operation and maintenance costs, solar pump is preferred over grid connected electrical pumping systems. This primary objective of the study was to design a solar photovoltaic pumping drinking water supply system for a small health post which is about 45 km east from Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The study also compared and verified the final design with the system's existing design prepared by a development agency. The water source for this study was a confined aquifer 115m below the surface. The water demand was calculated to be 11m³ per day. A 1500 kPa submersible pump attached to a motor was selected and installed. Along with that twelve solar panels, reservoir, transmission main and distribution main was designed. The outcomes conclude solar photovoltaic pumping water supply systems to be cost-effective with an estimated cost of only USD 0.84 million per MLD. Solar pumps require low maintenance and operation costs and its repairs can quickly be done by the local people. The study also shows that solar technology produces no sound, needs no fuel making it environmentally friendly.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 1978

This survey was undertaken for the period seven month beginning January 15, 1977 and ending July 31, 1977 to detect the general sanitary status of the villages and the villagers and, at the same time, analyse quality of water sources with emphasis on a total of 1,256 households dividing into three different groups: such as, 280 households were selected as random samples from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system, 122 households from the area of the simplified water supply system and finally 854 households from the area of nonpi-ped water supply system. The following results were concluded after quality of water sources had been analysed and conditions of the environmental sanitation had been reviewed: 1. 11.2% of the respondents from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system responded that quantity of drinking water lacked to meet their demand while 30.6% of the villagers from the area of nonpi-ped water supply system responded quantity of drinking water didn't meet their demand. 2. 30.8% of the.respondents from the area of the sophisticated water supply system responded that contaminating source located within 15 meters from the water source while 54.4% of the respondents from the non-piped water supply system claimed the same. 3. It was found that water from all sampling areas were positive in coliform group with exception of Moonsan which is one of the sophisticated piped water supply system groups and the number of general bacteria exceeded the government standard criteria of water quality in the area of the nonpi-ped water supply system. 4. In relation with time requirement to draw water in the area of non-piped water supply system, 76 respondents claimed it requires less than 15 minutes to draw water, 15.0% claimed 15 to 30 minutes and 9.0% claimed more than 30 minutes. 5. In relation with knowledge on sanitation of drinking water, 30.8% of respondents from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system and 41.8% of respondents from the area of nonpiped water supply system denied possible existence of germ in drinking water they drink, while 17.4% of the respondents from the area of the sophisticated water supply system and 50.2% of non-peped water supply system thought it safe to drink water without any treatment. 6. 60.0% of the respondents from the area of non-piped water supply system and many of them believed that their health status will be improved by installation of a sophisticated water supply system in their area. 7. The respondents from the areas of piped water supply sytem expressed greater concern over drinking water sanitation than those from the areas of non-piped water supply system and sanitary conditions were found the same. It was, therefore, proved that knowledge of environmnntal sanitation contributed a great deal to improve sanitary conditions of the villages and villagers and at the same time health education, especially environmental sanitation, will be played a important role to improve their sanitary conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.431-436
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• 2006

This study was conducted in the summer of 2005 in Shindong-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do to assess the quality of drinking water and to evaluate their potential pollutants. Ninety four water samples were collected from three classes of water supplies such as simple piped water, supplied own water and others (Supplied local water). Most residents used simple piped water (72.63%). 31.25% residents thought the water quality was bad and landfill was the main source of pollution that affected water quality. To correspond this perception, water quality was measured according to Drinking Water Quality Standard. The general bacteria, coliforms, and $NO_3-N$ exceeded the standard but the water qualities in these four areas were suitable for Drinking Water Quality Standard. The simple piped water showed low mean concentration of excess rate compared to supplied own piped water except general bacteria. Hardness, pH, and $NO_3-N$ showed significantly higher effects on drinking water quality. To evaluate the effect of effluent from landfill, water quality was measured according to distance and altitude. However, there was no effect of landfill effluent. To find out the effect of rainfall, we compared water quality of the year 2003 with that of 2005. The result showed significant differences in hardness and $NO_3-N$ concentration. This study confirmed that $NO_3-N$, coliforms, and general bacteria are main pollutant of water supply in rural community. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly maintain simple piped water supply, supplement sewer facilities, and educate residents about public health risk associated with drinking water in rural area.