• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.147-150
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• 2008

Changes in land uses at urbanizing areas are causing flooding, increase in NPS pollutants. Thus, Low Impact Development (LID) concept is now being employed in urban planning for sustainable development. Compared with the conventional BMPs, the LID is a new concept in urban planning to minimize the impacts of urbanization for site-specific LID IMPs. The objective of this study is to analyze the efficiency of LID adoption in study watershed in peak rate runoff and runoff volume reduction perspectives. The analysis revealed that the peak rate runoff and runoff volume decreased significantly with the LID adoption. This indicates that the Bimodal tram route with grass installed at the center of the road will contribute reduction in surface runoff and peak rate runoff, and also in NPS pollutant generation from the Bimodal tram route.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.99-118
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• 2013

Rainwater runoff has been identified as a significant source of contaminants having tremendous impact on the receiving aquatic environment. In the present study, trace element transport by the surface runoff in the predominantly urban catchment of Guwahati city, India was monitored with a view to determine the chemical denudation rates of the land surface. A number of trace metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the runoff after 70 major rain events within the city. Cadmium was found to be the least abundant metal and Iron was the most abundant metal in the runoff. The results are interpreted on the basis of temporal and spatial variations in their concentrations. These variations are quite large in some of the events and reflect changes in the local environmental setting, differences in water utilization, variations in runoff volume, gradient and quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1239-1251
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• 2015

Impervious areas have been expanded by urbanization and the natural structure of water circulation has been destroyed. The limits of centralized management for controlling storm water runoff in urban areas have been suggested. Low impact development (LID) technologies have been promoted as a crucial alternative, establishing a connection with city development plans to build green infrastructures in environmentally friendly cities. Thus, the improvement of water circulation and the control of nonpoint source were simulated through XP-SWMM (storm water and wastewater management model for experts) in this study. The application of multiple LID combination practices with permeable pavements, bioretention cells, and gutter filters were observed as reducing the highest runoff volume by up to 70%. The results from four different LID installation scenarios indicated that permeable paving is the most effective method for reducing storm water runoff. The rate of storm water runoff volume reduced as the rainfall duration extended. Based on the simulation results, each LID facility was designed and constructed in the target area. The LID practices in an urban area enable future studies of the analysis of the criteria, suitable capacity, and cost-efficiency, and proper management methods of various LID techniques.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2001

In this study, we conducted a survey to examine the runoff characteristics of nonpoint sources, which wash off pollutants from the surface of basin during rainfall and affect water pollution of streams. An Anyangchun basin in the region Ewiwang City was selected as a study site. The basin divided into several subbasins such as Wanggokchun, Ojeonchun, and Anyangchun based on the tributaries, which confluence to the main stream of Anyangchun. Four times of field examination had been carried out between July and August of 2000, and water quality data collected from the surveys had been analysed. The survey includes in-situ flow, DO and PH measurements in the outlet of catchment. Laboratory analysis includes BOD, TN, TP. From the result, pollutant by runoff of nonpoint sources were washed out along with stormwater in the beginning of rainfall, and flowed into streams resulted in stream pollution. In case of BOD, the load from Ojeonchun catchment, most of which included urban areas, took up 50% of the total load from the entire watershed. Thus, by the results, it is clear that runoff load by urban nonpoint sources plays an important role in the control and management of nonpoint sources for the watershed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2023

The estuary reservoir is a major source of agricultural water in Korea; for effective and sustainable water resource management of the estuary reservoir, it is crucial to comprehensively consider various water resource factors, including water supply, flood, and pollutant management, and analyze future runoff changes in consideration of environmental changes such as climate change. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of future climate change on the runoff characteristics of an estuary reservoir watershed. Climate data on future Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios were derived from two Global Climate Models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate past and future long-term runoff of the Ganwol estuary reservoir watershed. The findings showed that as the impact of climate change intensified, the average annual runoff in the future period was higher in the order of SSP5, SSP3, SSP1, and SSP2, and the ratio of runoff in July decreased while the ratio of runoff in October increased. Moreover, in terms of river flow regime, the SSP2 scenario was found to be the most advantageous and the SSP3 scenario was the most disadvantageous. The findings of this study can be used as basic data for developing sustainable water resource management plans and can be applied to estuary reservoir models to predict future environmental changes in estuary reservoirs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2022

Due to climate change, increased heavy rainfalls result in flood damage every year. To investigate the storm-runoff reduction effects of Low Impact Development (LID), this study performed runoff analyses using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for past and future representative storm events of the Yongdu Rainwater Pumping Station basin. As a result, the infiltration loss for representative future rainfalls increased by 3.17 %, and the surface runoff and peak runoff rate increased significantly by 32.50 %, and 128.77 %, respectively. To reduce the increased surface runoff and peak runoff rates, this study investigated the applicability of LID approaches, including a permeable pavement, green roof, and rain garden, by adjusting the LID parameters and the ratio of installation area. We identified the ranges of LID parameters that decreased peak runoff rate and surface runoff, and increased infiltration. In addition, when the application ratio of permeable pavement, green roof, and rain garden was 2:1:3, best performance was attained, leading to a reduction of peak runoff of 26.85 %, infiltration loss 12.01 %, surface runoff 15.11 %, and storage 509.47 %. Based on analyzing the effect of storm runoff reductions for various return periods, it was found that as the return period increased, the proportion of peak runoff and surface runoff increased and the proportion of infiltration loss and storage decreased.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.463-471
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• 2014

This paper considers the effect of rainfall on non-point source (NPS) pollutant loads. The impact of runoff on the occurrence of NPS pollutants was found to be influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, and the number of antecedent dry days (ADD), both independently and in combination. The close correlation ($R^2$ = 0.9920) between rainfall and runoff amounts was demonstrated at the study site (a flower farm) over the period between January 2011 and December 2013. The relationships among pollutant levels, runoff, and rainfall was not satisfactory results except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand ($BOD_5$). The correlation coefficients between $BOD_5$, and both runoff and rainfall, were greater than 0.92. However, the relationships of other pollutants, such as Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand ($COD_{Mn}$), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP), with runoff and rainfall had correlation coefficients of less than 0.70. The roles of rainfall was different from rainfall categories on the occurrence of runoff. Instantaneous rainfall intensity was a principle factor on the occurrence of runoff following light rainfall events (total ${\leq}30mm$). For rainfall of intermediate intensity (total precipitation 31-50 mm), the combined effect of both average rainfall intensity and ADD was found to influence runoff generation. We conclude that the control of NPS pollutants with the reflection of the climate change that makes the remarkable effect of amounts and forms on the rainfall and runoff.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.3983-3989
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• 2014

As the storm water runoff characteristics in urban areas have changed owing to urbanization, centralized facilities to reduce the urban flood runoff had been implemented. On the other hand, because they have their limitations, LID (Low Impact Development) of the distributed facilities for storm water runoff reduction is being actively planned and applied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the runoff characteristics for the spatial distribution of typical LID element techniques. This study set a study basin consisting of the five subbasins with the same basin and drainage systems, and analyzed the flood runoff characteristics from the two scenarios, one is for the locations and the other is for the number of green roofs (GR) and permeable pavement (PP), respectively, selected as typical LID element techniques. The SWMM implementation results showed that GR reduces 11.07% of the total and 3.42% of the peak amounts of storm water runoff, and PP leads to 18.09% of the total and 17.94% of the peak discharge reduction for a subbasin. Such a reduction rate is constant regardless of the LID locations, and increases linearly with the number of LID applications. The different runoff reduction rates between the GR and PP applications appear to be due to the effects of the different hydraulic conductivities in the control parameters for each LID.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.54-66
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• 2002

A grid-based hydrological model, CELTHYM, capable of estimating base flow and surface runoff using only readily available data, was used to assess hydrologic impacts caused by land use change on Little Eagle Creek (LEC) in Central Indiana. Using time periods when land use data are available, the model was calibrated with two years of observed stream flow data, 1983-1984, and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed stream flow data for 1972-1974 and 1990-1992. Stream flow data were separated into direct runoff and base flow using HYSEP (USGS) to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from simulation results, and the change in these ratios with land use change, shows that the ratio of direct runoff increases proportionally with increasing urban area. The ratio of direct runoff also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years shows that urbanization might be more harmful during dry years than abundant rainfall years in terms of water yield and water quality management.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2010

This research aims to gain the result of assessment of inflow categorized by runoff path using DIROM (Daily Irrigation Reservoir Operation Model) for Baengnyeong-myeon reservior which was built for residents of Baengnyeong island to solve the shortage of drinking water and stable supply of domestic water. The simulation results of DIROM and actual hydrograph of the reservoir show very low correlation with geological characteristics. The simulation results by DIROM after adjusting with modified Tank III model which considers all outflow from Tank II model as interflow among 3 level tanks show good correlation of its regional runoff and inflow characteristics with $R^2$=0.9058. In the study area, diffluence of 37% of rain fall of the study year has been simulated, which shows low result compared to the average river runoff of national water resource. In addition, 34.5% of total inflow to the study reservoir is mainly interflow and baseflow among expected several channels.