• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2008

In performance, digestibility and slaughter trials, a total of forty five male weaned lambs were used to examine the effects of monensin and live yeast supplementations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters when the lambs were fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Animals were allotted to one of three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. The three treatment diets were: (1) basal diet (CON) with steam-flaked corn as a sole grain source, (2) basal diet supplemented with monensin (MO), and (3) basal diet supplemented with live yeast (LY). Total average daily intake (ADI) was unaffected by MO and LY supplementations. LY supplementation increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) by 13.1% compared with the CON diet. Both MO and LY supplementations resulted in a significant improvement (p<0.05) of feed efficiency over the CON diet (4.47, 4.68 vs. 5.05). Hemicellulose digestibility was higher (p<0.05) for lambs in the LY supplementation group (62.4%) as compared with the CON group (55.7%), but no differences were observed in digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). All carcass traits were not influenced by dietary supplementations. Ruminal pH in lambs fed the LY supplemental diet was more stable than that with the CON diet (6.57 vs. 6.17). Neither MO nor LY supplementation influenced the concentration of ruminal ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and molar percentages of individual VFA. Plasma urea-N concentration was decreased (p<0.05) by MO and LY supplementations, while plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose and other blood parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, while both MO and LY supplementations had a positive impact on feed efficiency and LY supplementation stabilized ruminal pH and improved fiber utilization, none of the supplements had the capacity to significantly enhance the carcass characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ruminally protected amino acids (RPAAs) and ruminally protected fat (RPF) supplementation on ruminal fermentation characteristics (in vitro) and milk yield and milk composition (in vivo). Fourteen mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows (mean weight $653{\pm}62.59kg$) were divided into two groups according to mean milk yield and number of days of postpartum. The cows were then fed a basal diet during adaptation (2 wk) and experimental diets during the treatment period (6 wk). Dietary treatments were i) a basal diet (control) and ii) basal diet containing 50 g of RPAAs (lysine and methionine, 3:1 ratio) and 50 g of RPF. In rumen fermentation trail (in vitro), RPAAs and RPF supplementation had no influence on the ruminal pH, dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acid production and ammonia-N concentration. In feeding trial (in vivo), milk yield (p<0.001), 4% fat corrected milk (p<0.05), milk fat (p<0.05), milk protein (p<0.001), and milk urea nitrogen (p<0.05) were greater in cows fed RPAAs and RPF than the corresponding values in the control group. With an index against as 0%, the rates of decrease in milk yield and milk protein were lower in RPAAs and RPF treated diet than those of basal diet group (p<0.05). In conclusion, diet supplemented with RPAAs and RPF can improve milk yield and milk composition without negatively affecting ruminal functions in Holstein dairy cows at mid-lactating.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2013

This study estimated the fermentation characteristics and nutrient value of corn-lablab bean mixture silages relative to corn silages. The effects of feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages on nutrient apparent digestibility and milk production of dairy cows in northern China were also investigated. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used to determine the ruminal digestion kinetics and ruminal nutrient degradability of corn silage and corn-lablab bean mixture silages. Sixty lactating Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups of 30 cows each. Two diets were formulated with a 59:41 forage: concentrate ratio. Corn silage and corn-lablab bean mixture silages constituted 39.3% of the forage in each diet, with Chinese wildrye hay constituting the remaining 60.7%. Corn-lablab bean mixture silages had higher lactic acid, acetic acid, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, Ca, ether extract concentrations and ruminal nutrient degradability than monoculture corn silage (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations of corn-lablab bean mixture silages were lower than those of corn silage (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF for cows fed corn-lablab bean mixture silages was higher than for those fed corn silage (p<0.05). Feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages increased milk yield and milk protein of dairy cows when compared with feeding corn silage (p<0.05). The economic benefit for cow fed corn-lablab bean mixture silages was 8.43 yuan/day/cow higher than that for that fed corn silage. In conclusion, corn-lablab bean mixture improved the fermentation characteristics and nutrient value of silage compared with monoculture corn. In this study, feeding corn-lablab bean mixture silages increased milk yield, milk protein and nutrient apparent digestibility of dairy cows compared with corn silage in northern China.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1843-1848
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• 2007

Thirty-six 1.5 year-old Inner Mongolian White Cashmere wether goats (body weight $28.14{\pm}1.33$ kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and cashmere fibre characteristics. Wethers were fed a basal diet (containing 7.46 mg Cu/kg DM) that was supplemented with either 0 (control), 10, 20 or 30 mg Cu/kg DM. To ensure full consumption, animals were fed restrictedly with 0.75 kg feed (DM) in two equal allotments per day. The results indicated that: (1) supplemental 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the basal diet significantly (p<0.05) decreased ruminal fluid pH value and total VFA concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) increased on all Cu treatment groups. (2) Cu supplementation had no influence on DM intake and digestibility of DM, CP and ADF (p>0.05); however, NDF digestibility of groups supplemented with 10 and 20 mg Cu/kg DM were significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Apparent absorption and retention of copper were decreased with increasing level of supplementation. (3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved cashmere growth rate, but cashmere diameter was not affected by Cu supplementation (p>0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of cashmere goats with Cu at the rate of 10 to 20 mg/kg DM in the basal diet resulted in some changed rumen fermentation and was beneficial for NDF digestibility, while supplementation of 20 mg Cu/kg DM improved cashmere growth. Collectively, the optimal supplemental Cu level for cashmere goats during the fibre growing period was 20 mg/kg DM (a total dietary Cu level of 27.46 mg/kg DM).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.951-957
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• 2015

Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to investigate the effects of Eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) leaf meal (ELM) supplementation as a rumen enhancer on feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics. The dietary treatments were as follows: T1 = 0 g ELM/hd/d; T2 = 40 g ELM/hd/d; T3 = 80 g ELM/hd/d; T4 = 120 g ELM/hd/d, respectively. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate was offered at 0.3% BW while rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results revealed that voluntary feed intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients were similar among treatments. Ruminal pH, temperature and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were not affected by ELM supplementation; however, ELM supplementation resulted in lower concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen. Total volatile fatty acids, propionate concentration increased with the increasing level of EML (p<0.05) while the proportion of acetate was decreased (p<0.05). Methane production was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of ELM supplementation. Protozoa count and proteolytic bacteria population were reduced (p<0.05) while fungal zoospores and total viable bacteria, amylolytic, cellulolytic bacteria were unchanged. In addition, nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis tended to increase by the dietary treatments. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that ELM could modify the rumen fermentation and is potentially used as a rumen enhancer in methane mitigation and rumen fermentation efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Objective: Ensiling of tannin-rich fruit byproducts (FB) involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the tannins, which would consequently change the rumen fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate whether ensiled FBs are effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants by conducting in vitro assessments. Methods: Fruit byproducts (grape pomace, wild grape pomace, and persimmon skin) were collected and subjected to four-week ensiling by Lactobacillus buchneri inoculant. A defined feed component with or without FB samples (both fresh and ensiled material) were subjected to in vitro anaerobic culturing using rumen fluid sampled from beef cattle, and the fermentation parameters and microbial populations were monitored. Results: Reduced methane production and a proportional change in total volatile fatty acids (especially enhanced propionate proportion) was noted in bottles containing the FBs compared with that in the control (without FB). In addition, we found lower gene copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA and considerably higher levels of one of the major fibrolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes) in the bottles containing FBs than in the control, particularly, when it was included in a forage-based feed. However, in the following cultivation experiment, we observed that FBs failed to exhibit a significant difference in methane production with or without polyethylene glycol, implying that tannins in the FBs may not be responsible for the mitigation of methane generation. Conclusion: The results of the in vitro cultivation experiments indicated that not only the composition but also ensiling of FBs affected rumen fermentation patterns and the degree of methane generation. This is primarily because of the compositional changes in the fibrous fraction during ensiling as well as the presence of readily fermented substrates, whereas tannins in these FBs seemed to have little effect on the ruminal fermentation kinetics.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.244-250
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• 2020

본 실험은 개미산 첨가 방법으로 제조한 제한발효 사일리지의 효용성을 증명하기 위하여 반추위 발효 특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 유산발효 사일리지와 비교하였다. 호밀 재배 포장에서 4종의 베일사일리지(무첨가, 유산균제 첨가, 개미산 첨가, 개미산칼슘염 첨가)을 제조하였고, 18주 후에 각각 4개의 베일을 선택하여 발효품질을 조사하였다. 재료초의 건물 함량이 50% 정도로 비교적 높았던 무첨가 사일리지와 유산균제 첨가 사일리지는 예건 사일리지와 유사한 발효특성을 보였다. 그러나 개미산과 개미산칼슘염 첨가 사일리지는 무처리 사일리지 보다 낙산 함량이 4배 정도 높았고(P<0.05), 총 질소중 NH3-N의 평균 농도도 무첨가 보다 2배 높은 (P<0.05) 낙산발효 특징을 보여주었다. 반추위 발효 특성 조사는 반추위 캐뉼라가 장착된 4두의 홀스타인 암소(평균체중 563kg)를 공시하여 4×4 Latin square design으로 실험을 수행하였다. 사료섭취 후 1, 2, 3 시간에서 유산균제 첨가 사일리지가 개미산 첨가 사일리지보다 반추위 propionic acid 비율(%총 VFA)이 높은 경향(P=0.1)을 보였고, 개미산 첨가 사일리지와 개미산칼슘염 첨가 사일리지를 섭취한 공시축의 반추위 낙산 비율은 사료섭취 후 1, 2, 3, 5시간 모두에서 무처리와 유산균제 첨가 사일리지 보다 유의성 있게 높았다(P<005). 이상에서 보여주고 있는 반추위 발효 양상의 차이를 볼 때, 유산균제 첨가 사일리지와 함께 제한발효 사일리지 도입은 사일리지 이용효율을 높이기 위한 하나의 방안이 될 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.309-317
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내산 조사료인 IRG 사일리지의 이용성을 증진하기 위해 다양한 미생물제의 첨가 시 IRG 사일리지의 in vitro 반추위 발효특성 및 소화율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 미생물제의 접종 후 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 IRG 사일리지의 품질 및 in situ 반추위 소화율에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 미생물제로는 LC, BS 및 SC ($2.7{\times}10^7CFU/m{\ell}$)를 사용하였으며, IRG 사일리지에 $0.5{\times}10^4CFU/g$가 되도록 첨가하여 수행하였다. In vitro 실험 결과, 암모니아태 질소 함량은 12시간 배양 시 대조구보다 미생물제 처리구에서 높았고(p<0.05), 총 VFA 농도와 건물 분해율의 경우에도 유의적 차이는 없었지만, 대조구보다 미생물제 처리구에서 증가하였으며, 특히 L. casei에서 높게 나타났다. 미생물제를 접종한 후 5일간 배양한 결과, IRG 사일리지의 pH는 대조구보다 미생물제 처리구에서 낮았으며(p<0.05), 젖산 농도는 배양 1~5일 동안 대조구보다 미생물제 처리구에서 높았으며(p<0.05), 다른 처리구보다 LC-IRGS에서 접종 직후 가장 높았다(p<0.05). In situ 건물 분해율은 대조구보다 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 접종 직후에는 SC-IRGS에서 높았으나 이후 LC-IRGS에서 증가하였다. 본 연구결과를 보면, IRG 사일리지의 이용성을 제고하기 위해 LC, BS 및 SC을 활용한다면 IRG 사일리지의 반추위 내 소화율이 개선될 수 있으며, 특히 IRG 사일리지에 L. casei를 첨가하여 단시간 추가 발효하여 젖소에 급여한다면 IRG 사일리지 내 초산 및 낙산의 감소로 품질 및 소화율 개선에 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.537-543
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• 1999

Whole horse beans (Vicia faba cv. Alfred) (WHB) were pressure toasted at different temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 minutes in order to determine an optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch (BPSt) as glucose source which is usually limiting nutrient in highly producing dairy cows in the Netherlands. Starch (St) Ruminal Degradative Kinetics and Fermentation Characteristics of (SRDC) of WHB were determined using in sacco technique in 4 lactating dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy cow requirements. Measured characteristics of St were soluble fraction (S), potentially degradable fraction (D) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass starch (BPSt) was calculated according to the Dutch new feed evaluation system: the DVE/OEB system. Pressure toasting temperatures significantly affected starch gelatinization (p<0.01). Degradability of Starch in the rumen was highly reduced by pressure toasting (p<0.01). S varied from 58.2% in the raw WHB (RWHB as a control) to 19.6% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). D varied from 41.8% in RWHB to 80.5% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. D fraction was enormously increased with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). Kd varied from 4.9%h in RWHB to 3.4%/h in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. All these effects resulted in increasing %BPSt from 29.0% in RWHB to 53.1% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. Therefore BPSt increased from 93.5 g/kg in RWHB to 173.5 g/kg in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. The effects of pressure toasting on %BPSt and BPSt seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal pressure toasting conditions could be determined at this stage. But among 10 treatments, The treatment of $136^{\circ}C/15min$was the best with the highest BPSt content. It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to small intestine to increase bypass starch.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.775-787
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• 2018

본 연구는 반추동물의 메탄 감소에 효과가 있는 합성첨가제를 대체 할 수 있는 천연첨가제를 찾고자 연구를 실시하였다. 첨가제인 MRA-1(파), MRA-2 (SLS), MRA-3 (SDS), MRA-4(파+탄닌산)를 만들어 발효시간대별(3, 6, 9, 12, 24 및 48 h) in vitro 시험을 실시하였다. pH는 발효시간동안 적정범위였으며, 건물소화율은 모든 발효시간대별 모든 처리구에서 대조구와 유의적(P>0.05)인 차이를 보이지 않았고, 미생물성장량에도 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 메탄 발생량은 발효 24시간대 MRA-1구를 제외한 나머지 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮게 측정되었으며, 특히 이산화탄소 발생량은 MRA-4 첨가구에서 발효 9, 24, 48시간대에서 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮았다. 메탄생성량 감소에 영향이 있는 프로피온산 함량은 발효 24시간대 MRA-4구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높았다. Ciliate-associated methanogens은 발효 24시간대 MRA-1, MRA-3 및 MRA-4구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮게 측정되었다. 따라서 파와 탄닌산은 반추위 내 메탄 저감 효과가 있는 합성첨가제를 대체 할 수 있어 반추동물용 천연 메탄 저감제로서의 활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.