• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

본 시험은 질산염함유 식물 추출물을 이용하여 in vitro 반추위 발효성상 및 반추위 메탄 발생에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 공시재료는 감자, 당근, 배추, 상추 및 시금치 추출물을 사용하였으며, 발효 기질은 2mm로 분쇄된 timothy 0.3g을 사용하였다. In vitro 실험은 조사료(timothy) 및 배합사료를 6:4의 비율로 급여한 반추위 cannnula가 시술된 한우 암소에서 채취하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall's buffer를 1:2의 비율로 혼합한 발효액을 0.3g timothy와 식물 추출물이 담긴 50mL serum bottle에 혐기상태로 20mL 분주한 뒤, 39℃에서 9, 12, 24, 48시간 동안 발효하였다. pH는 발효 시간이 증가함에 따라 점점 감소하며, 6.31~6.96으로 정상범위였다. 건물 소화율은 9시간 배추 추출물구에서 유의적으로 낮았고, 암모니아 농도는 감자, 배추, 상추 추출물구에서 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 반추위 미생물 성장량은 발효 24시간대의 당근 추출물구에서 높았다(p<0.05). Acetate와 propionate 농도는 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05) butyrate 농도는 첨가구간에 발효시간별로 각각 다른 양상을 보였다. 총 가스 발생량은 발효 12시간 및 24시간대에서 배추, 상추, 시금치 추출물구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 메탄 발생량은 감자, 배추, 시금치 추출물구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았고, 이산화탄소 발생량 또한 첨가구에 비해 대조구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았다. 결과적으로 본 시험에 사용된 5종의 질산염 함유 식물 추출물은 반추위 발효에 악영향을 미치지 않으면서 메탄저감 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 배추 추출물은 반추위내 메탄발생을 저감시킬 수 있는 식물추출물로서 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.379-385
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• 2017

Objective: This study was to examine in vivo digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation of tamarind (Tamarind indica) kernel powder extract residue (TKPER) compared to soybean products and by-products in wethers. Methods: Four wethers with initial body weight (BW) of $51.6{\pm}5.5kg$ were assigned in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to investigate nutritional characteristics of TKPER, dry heat soybean (SB), dry soybean curd residue (SBCR) and soybean meal (SBM) feeding with ryegrass straw (R) at a ratio of 1:1 at 2% of BW in dry matter (DM) on a daily basis. Results: The digestibility of DM, crude protein, and ether extract (EE) of TKPER-R diet were 57.0%, 87.0%, and 86.0%, respectively. Higher non-fiber carbohydrates digestibility was observed in TKPER-R diet (83.2%) than in SB-R diet (73.9%, p<0.05). Wethers fed the TKPER-R diet had lower retention of nitrogen (N) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) contents at 4 h after feeding than those fed the SBM-R diet (p<0.05), which had values similar to the SB-R or SBCR-R diet. The TKPER feeding had higher propionate (C3) and lower butyrate content, as well as lower acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) in rumen fluid than SBM feeding at 4 h after feeding (p<0.05). Conclusion: TKPER did not bring any side effect to the wethers although it was lack of fiber, and could be used as a high protein and energy ingredient in concentrate with appropriate roughage to meet the fiber requirement for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1482-1486
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• 2003

In order to compare effects of feeding systems on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestion, steers were fed either total mixed ration (TMR) or separate concentrate-roughage ration (CR). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was higher in steers receiving TMR. Especially, DM, ADF and NDF in TMR were digested to a greater extent than those in CR. Rumen pH was not influenced by the feeding systems. Holstein steers on TMR had higher ruminal $NH_3$-N than those on CR. Feeding system did not alter VFA production but TMR feeding resulted in lower A/P ratio. TMR feeding tended to increase the number of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen fluid. Also steers fed TMR generally had higher fiber degrading enzyme activities, which might be the result of increased number of cellulolytic microbes in the rumen of animals on TMR. Our results indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen and in the total tract of steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2009

An in vitro incubation study was conducted to investigate effects of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and methanogen population. BES at the final concentration of 0, 1 and 5 mM with two different substrates having a different ratio of timothy and concentrate (100% timothy vs. 40% timothy-60% concentrate) was incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h in a $39^{\circ}C$ incubator. Total DNA extracted from culture fluid was used as a template for real-time PCR to measure the population of methanogens. Four different primer sets were used for amplification of total bacteria, total methanogens, the order Methanobacteriales and the order Methanomicrobiales. BES reduced (p<0.01) total gas and methane production in a dose-dependent manner. BES at 5 mM inhibited methane production by more than 95% compared to the control. An interaction between substrate and level of BES in total gas and methane was detected (p<0.01). The decrease of methane production with increasing BES level was more pronounced on mixed substrate than on timothy alone. However, hydrogen production was increased by BES treatment (p<0.01). Total VFA concentration was not affected, but molar percentage of propionate and butyrate was increased and acetate to propionate ratio was reduced by BES treatment (p<0.01). BES did not affect the population density of total bacteria but reduced (p<0.01) the population of total methanogens, the order Methanobacteriales and the order Methanomicrobiales in a dose-dependent manner. The type of substrate did not influence the trend, although the magnitude of response was different between all-roughage and 40% roughage substrate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1381-1388
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• 2012

An in vitro experiment was conducted to examine the effects of defaunation (removal of protozoa) on ruminal fermentation characteristics, $CH_4$ production and degradation by rumen microbes when incubated with cereal grains (corn, wheat and rye). Sodium lauryl sulfate as a defaunation reagent was added into the culture solution at a concentration of 0.000375 g/ml, and incubated anaerobically for up to 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Following defaunation, live protozoa in the culture solution were rarely observed by microscopic examination. A difference in pH was found among grains regardless of defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.01 to 0.001). Defaunation significantly decreased pH at 12 h (p<0.05) when rumen fluid was incubated with grains. Ammonia-N concentration was increased by defaunation for all grains at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05) incubation times. Total VFA concentration was increased by defaunation at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) for all grains. Meanwhile, defaunation decreased acetate and butyrate proportions at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.01, p<0.001), but increased the propionate proportion at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h incubation (p<0.01 to 0.001) for all grains. Defaunation increased in vitro effective degradability of DM (p<0.05). Production of total gas and $CO_2$ was decreased by defaunation for all grains at 1 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and then increased at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05, p<0.05). $CH_4$ production was higher from faunation than from defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.378-387
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• 2009

To investigate the effects of sago palm pith (SPP) substitution of corn in the diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, nitrogen balance and microbial N Supply, five ruminally fistulated Southern indigenous cattle (mean initial BW = 226${\pm}$5 kg) were randomly assigned to a 5${\times}$5 Latin Square Design to receive five diets, $T_1$ = concentrate with 0% SPP, $T_2$ = 25% SPP, $T_3$ = 50% SPP, $T_4$ = 75% SPP and $T_5$ = 100% SPP, of dietary dry matter, respectively. Plicatulum hay (PH) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments groups regarding total DM intake (OMI, NDFI and ADFI) and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF), while total DM intake (% BW) was significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. Rumen parameters (ruminal temperature, pH, glucose, packed cell volume, volatile fatty acid and rumen microorganism populations) were similar among treatments (p>0.05), whereas $NH_3-N$, blood urea nitrogen and molar proportion of propionate concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. The amount of N absorption, N retention and microbial protein synthesis were similar among treatments. These results indicate that SPP can be included in diets for Southern indigenous cattle to supply up to 100% of supplemental corn when fed with PH without negative impact on animal performance and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for beef cattle production.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) - soybean (Glycine max L.) silage prepared by intercropping method on the nutritive value of the silage, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, dry matter degradability, as well as milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. In a couple of experiments intercropped corn-soybean silage (CSBS) was compared with corn silage (CS) and/or Italian ryegrass hay (IRG). Numerically, CSBS had higher crude protein, ether extract, and lactic acid contents compared to CS. In vitro rumen fermentation analysis demonstrated that up to a 24-h incubation period, both CS and CSBS showed higher total gas production, ammonia N concentration, and dry matter degradability compared to IRG (p<0.05). The investigation on animals was conducted in a commercial dairy farm located in Gyeongju, South Korea, employing 42 Holstein cows that were divided into 2 group treatments: CS and CSBS in a completely randomized design. Although no significant difference was observed in milk yield, animals fed on CSBS showed significantly higher milk protein (p<0.05) and milk fat content (p<0.01), compared to animals fed on CS. Taken together, our findings indicate that corn-soybean silage that is cultivated, harvested, and prepared through intercropping can improve the protein content of the silage, and can also enhance in vitro rumen fermentation, dry matter degradability, and performance of dairy cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.386-389
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• 2006

Silage is a major component of cattle rations, so the improvement of silage quality by the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria is of great interest. In this study, commercially distributed Lactobacillus plantram and Lactobacillus rhamnousas NGRI 0110 were used for ensilaging of guinea grass. The four treatments used were a control silage, a silage with cellulase addition, a silage with cellulose+L. plantram addition, and a silage with cellulose + NGRI 0110 addition. Silage quality, voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, and the characteristics of ruminal fluid of wethers were investigated. Silage to which lactic acid bacteria were added showed low pH and acetic acid concentration and the highest lactic acid content. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility were significantly (p<0.05) increased by cellulase addition and significantly (p<0.05) higher values were observed in L. plantram- and NGRI 0110-added silage. Voluntary intake of NGRI 0110-added silage was the highest and that of control silage was the lowest. We concluded that the observed ability of NGRI 0110 to tolerate low pH and to continue lactic acid fermentation in high lactic acid concentration had also occurred in actual ensilaging. The results indicate that the addition of lactic acid bacteria might improve silage quality and increase digestibility and voluntary intake. The potential for improvement by NGRI 0110 was higher than that to be gained by the use of commercially available lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

본 실험은 alcohol 사료 처리에 따른 in vitro 발효 pattern의 변화를 검토하여 alcohol 사료 처리가 반추위내 발효 pattern에 미치는 영향을 규명코자 실시하였다. 시험구 처리는 배합사료를 첨가하는 대조구(control), 배합사료와 1, 3 및 5%의 alcohol 사료(Alcoholic feed; AF)를 첨가하는 처리구를 각각 AF-1구, AF-3구 및 AF-5구로 나누어 실시하였다. 배양 12시간 동안 ammonia 농도는 AF-1, AF-5구에서 대조구에 비해 낮았다(p<0.05). 배양액의 alcohol 농도는 alcohol 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 높았다(p<0.05). 배양 12시간에 TVFA 농도는 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에서 대조구에 비해 현저히 높았다(p<0.05). 배양 8～12시간 사이에 acetate 비율은 대조구에서 빠른 속도로 감소하였으며, AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5구에서는 일정한 수준을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. Propionate 비율은 배양 8～12시간 사이에 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에 비해 대조구에서 빠른 속도로 증가하였다(p<0.05). Butyrate 및 valerate 비율은 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에서 대조구에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). Caproate 비율은 배양 8시간에 AF-1구, AF-3구 및 AF-5구에서 각각 0.05, 0.58 및 0.47M%로 나타났으나, 대조구에서는 검출되지 않았다. 본 실험의 결과에서 alcohol 사료의 처리는 in vitro 반추위액의 ammonia, alcohol 및 휘발성지방산 농도와 pH에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 본 실험의 결과에서는 5%의 alcohol 첨가 수준이 여타 alcohol 첨가 수준에 비해 반추위 발효에 보다 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

본 연구는 saponin 함유 식물 추출물을 이용하여 반추위 발효성상과 메탄생성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 반추위액은 볏짚과 농후사료를 5:5 비율로 급여한 거세한우 2두의(체중: $803{\pm}0.5$ kg) 반추위 cannula를 통하여 채취하였다. 채취한 반추 위액은 buffer와 1:2 (V/V)의 비율로 혼합하여 배양액으로 사용하였으며, 15 ml 배양액에 옥수수 전분 0.2 g를 첨가하고, saponin 함유 식물 추출물 (비누풀, 오가피, 유카, 인삼 및 차나무)을 0.5% 첨가하여 $39^{\circ}C$에서 24시간동안 배양하였다. 반추위 발효성상에 있어서 pH 값은 배양 시간동안 모든 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮게 나타났으며, 총 휘발성 지방산의 함량은 배양 12시간부터 모든 처리구에서 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높았다. Acetate의 농도는 배양 6시간부터 처리구에서 낮았고, propionate의 농도는 높아 역의 관계를 나타내었다. 암모니아의 농도는 최종 발효시간인 24시간에 오가피와 유카추출물 처리구는 대조구와 비슷한 수준이었지만, 다른 처리구는 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮았다. 반추위 protozoa의 수는 비누풀 추출물 처리구를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 적었다. 총 가스 발생량은 배양 12시간부터 처리구에서 높은 경향이었지만, 메탄 발생량은 오가피와 비누풀 추출물 처리구를 제외한 나머지 처리구에서 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 본 시험 결과를 볼 때 saponin의 첨가에 의해 메탄 발생량이 감소하는 것은 반추위 protozoa의 감소에 의해 나타난 것으로 생각된다.