• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2015

본 연구는 조경 수목 이식 과정 중 뿌리분 결속재로 사용되는 고무밴드가 지상부 생장과 근계발달에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구기간은 2007년 4월부터 2011년 10월까지 4년간이며, 시험은 강원도 강릉시 사천면 방동리 398-2번지에 소재하는 시험포지에서 노지시험과 포트시험을 실시하였다. 노지시험을 위한 공시수목인 소나무(Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.)는 강원도 강릉시 구정면 제비리 소재 임야에서 생육상태가 양호한 15년생 20주를 굴취 이식하였으며 시험구는 고무밴드 미제거구와 고무밴드 제거구를 각각 10주씩 완전임의배치법으로 배치하였다. 그리고 포트시험의 공시수종은 반송(Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki)이며, 근계발달을 육안으로 관찰하기 위해 투명 포트에 식재하였고, 시험구 배치는 고무밴드 미제거구와 고무밴드 제거구를 각각 3 반복, 완전임의배치법으로 하였다. 뿌리분 결속재로 사용되는 고무밴드 제거구와 고무밴드 미제거구 간의 지상부 생장과 근계발달에 미치는 영향의 시험결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, 노지시험에서의 수고 생장률은 고무밴드 미제거구가 고무밴드 제거구에 비해 4.1% 낮게 나타났으며, 근원직경은 고무밴드 미제거구가 4.2% 높았고, 엽록소는 고무밴드 미제거구가 5.4 높게 나타났으나 수고 생장률, 근원직경, 엽록소 측정에서 처리간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 둘째, 노지시험의 뿌리 생장량 비교를 위한 뿌리생체중 비교에서 고무밴드 미제거구가 1,740.0kg, 고무밴드 제거구가 1,433.3kg이었으며 건물중은 고무밴드 미제거구가 522.3g, 고무밴드 제거구가 450.0g으로 조사되었으나 처리간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 셋째, 고무밴드 미제거구의 고무밴드 비접촉면과 접촉면에서의 뿌리 수 비교에서 고무밴드 접촉면에서의 발근수가 많은 것으로 나타났으며 유의성이 인정되었다. 넷째, 포트시험에서 신초생장률은 고무밴드 제거구가 고무밴드 미제거구에 비해 1.1% 높게 나타났고, 엽록소는 고무밴드 미제거구가 0.02 높게 나타났으나 처리간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 다섯째, 포트시험에서 고무밴드 미제거구와 고무밴드 제거구 간의 뿌리수와 뿌리건물중 비교에서 모두 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 이상의 시험 결과로부터 결속재인 고무밴드가 소나무와 반송 이식 후 수목의 지상부 생육 및 지하부의 근계발달에 유의할 만한 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 고무밴드 미제거구의 고무밴드 비접촉면과 접촉면에서의 뿌리 수 비교에서는 고무밴드 접촉면에서의 발근수가 많은 것으로 나타나 추가적인 관련 연구가 활발히 계속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.307-308
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• 2007

This work shows the experimental results obtained from ageing at a temperature of 100 C for 48, 70 and 312 h, although the application of AC electrical tension in samples and the measuring of current leakage are presented. The measurements in samples were carried out with samples prepared from the deformulated commercial materials and respectively reformulated into thin films. The obtained results showed the mechanisms of conduction of samples in low and high electric fields. It was also identified an electric tension transition showing that in low fields it prevails the Ohm's law conduction, and in high electric fields it prevails the conduction of space charge limited current (SCLC). These results can support the natural rubber formulation process having as their main objective the reducing of the mechanisms that occur under high conduction current in high electric fields, which leads the material to a dielectric breakdown. Raw Natural rubber in Brazil is extracted from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in farms in So Paulo State by using some new plantation technology in smaller spaces, with trees placed a few meters from each other. In the Amazon rain forest the rubber trees are found naturally and their spacing may be of hundreds of meters or even kilometers between them. It is necessary to research this raw material from different internationally standard clones to characterize dielectric and electric properties for industrial applications. Moreover, this natural material has a low commercial price when compared to the synthetic ones.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2019

Planting intercropping in rubber plantations is another alternative for generating more income for farmers. However, farmers still lack the knowledge of choosing plants. In addition, information for decision making comes from many sources and is knowledge accumulated by the expert. Therefore, this research aims to create a decision support system for growing rubber trees for individual farmers. It aims to get the highest income and the lowest cost by using semantic web technology so that farmers can access knowledge at all times and reduce the risk of growing crops, and also support the decision supporting system (DSS) to be more intelligent. The integrated intercropping ontology and rule are a part of the decision-making process for selecting plants that is suitable for individual rubber plots. A list of suitable plants is important for decision variables in the allocation of planting areas for each type of plant for multiple purposes. This article presents designing and developing the intercropping ontology for DSS which defines a class based on the principle of intercropping in rubber plantations. It is grouped according to the characteristics and condition of the area of the farmer as a concept of the rubber plantation. It consists of the age of rubber tree, spacing between rows of rubber trees, and water sources for use in agriculture and soil group, including slope, drainage, depth of soil, etc. The use of ontology for recommended plants suitable for individual farmers makes a contribution to the knowledge management field. Besides being useful in DSS by offering options with accuracy, it also reduces the complexity of the problem by reducing decision variables and condition variables in the multi-objective optimization model of DSS.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.138-153
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• 2018

본 연구는 조선 후기에 제작된 <동궐도(東闕圖)>의 분석을 통해 창덕궁 돈화문 지역의 식생 경관을 입체적으로 규명하고자 하였으며 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, <동궐도>에 묘사된 수목은 17세기에 중국으로부터 유입된 수목 표현 입문서인 "개자원화전(芥子園畵傳)"을 토대로 유형의 구분이 가능하였다. 분류 결과에 따라 <동궐도>의 돈화문 지역에 표현된 수목은 10종 50주로 확인되었다. 둘째, <동궐도>의 입면 제작 축척을 이용하여 그림에 묘사된 수목의 실제 크기를 산정할 수 있었다. 산출된 수목의 수고는 최소 4.37m에서 최대 22.37m로 다양하게 나타났다. <동궐도> 제작 이전부터 창덕궁에 생육하고 있는 것으로 확인된 노거수와의 비교를 통해 그림에 묘사된 수목들이 과도하지 않게 현실감 있는 크기로 제작된 것이 확인되었다. 셋째, <동궐도>의 러버쉬팅변환(Rubber Sheeting Transformation)을 통해 현재 수치지형도에 <동궐도>의 식재 평면도 제작이 가능하였다. 특히, 변환 지역의 세분화와 통제점 추가를 통해 제작된 평면도의 정밀도를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 작성된 <동궐도>의 식재 평면도를 통해서 수목의 위치와 밀도의 변화를 파악할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 <동궐도>에서 취득된 수목의 형상 정보와 식재 평면도를 이용하여 3차원 식생 모델의 제작이 가능하였다. 3차원 모델은 실제 사람의 눈높이에서 조망축, 스카이라인, 주변으로의 개방과 차폐 정도 등 현황과의 입체적 경관 비교를 가능하게 함으로써 당시의 조망 특성을 검토하는데 유용하였다. 본 연구는 기존에 논의되어 온 <동궐도>의 사실적 표현을 입증하고 이에 근거하여 기록화에 묘사된 동궐의 식생 경관의 원형을 규명하기 위한 가능성을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2018

A circular bark with a 30 cm width was artificially removed from the trunk of a 250-year-old zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) heavily damaged by artificial girdling in Sunchang, Jeonbuk Province in March of 2005. The debarked area was cleaned approximately 10 days after artificial girdling and bark margins with 2 cm width above and below the girdled portion were cut off to promote wound callus formation. Nine pieces of fresh bark (width 8 cm, length 35 cm, thickness 0.5 cm) were then prepared from branches of neighbor zelkova trees broken by heavy snowfalls and pasted onto the girdled portion of the tree, after which a Vaseline dressing was applied to water-proof the area and rubber bars were used to hold the implants to the trunk. Two pieces of the implanted fresh barks were successfully grafted onto the girdled area and the damaged tree has been vigorously growing over 13 years. To our knowledge, this is the first case of successful bark implantation to cure a 250-year-old zelkova tree heavily damaged by artificial girdling. This bark implantation technique will be utilized for the conversation and management of heavily damaged big and old trees in the future.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2007년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2007
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• pp.471-474
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• 2007

Eucalyptus plantations play a major role in the China's ecological, social, economic and other aspects and presently China is the second largest producer of Eucalyptus in the world next to Brazil. It was introduced as an ornamental tree during 1890 but later it became a commercial crop. During 1960s large number of Eucalyptus timber were used for railway sleepers and it was also used as shelter belt for rubber trees. It becomes one of the important national resources of commercial timber once the production reached to 5 million $m^{3}/yr$. Through Eucalyptus oil, it brought about 20% of foreign exchange. In the present study, it was aimed to estimate the Eucalyptus growing area in the southern Guangdong in China in terms of aerial extent and changes between 1991 and 2001 using Landsat TM and ETM+ data. Object based classification technique and subsequent temporal change detection analysis were followed to identify the changes between the periods. In the present study, the total area was divided into three classes viz., plantation area with trees, plantation area without trees and others. Object oriented classification was found to be more accurate in the present study. Overall increase of about 23.62 $km^{2}$ was noted between 1991 and 2001 in the plantation area. With reference to the present study area, the growth of Eucalyptus growing area was 7.4% in the 10 year periods. From this study it is clear that the area under Eucalyptus cultivation is growing considerably year by year in China. However, elaborate study must be conducted considering larger areas to accurately predict the growth of Eucalyptus growing areas.

• 공업화학
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2024

4종의 목재에 대한 화재위험성의 예측 및 화재위험성 등급을 평가하기 위해 Chung's equations-IX과 Chung's equation-XII를 이용하였다. 시험편은 녹나무, 산벚나무, 고무나무, 느릅나무를 선정하였다. 연소시험은 ISO 5660-1의 콘칼로리미터 시험법을 이용하였으며, 화재위험성지수-IX (FRI-IX)과 화재위험성지수-XII (FRI-XII)에 대한 화재위험성과 화재위험성등급(FRR)을 비교하였다. 그 결과 화재성능지수-XI (FPI-XI)와 화재성장지수-XI (FGI-XI)은 0.08~11.48와 0.67~111.89로 얻어졌다. 그리고 화재위험성지수-XII (FRI-XII)는 산벚나무(0.45): 등급 A (순위 5) < PMMA(1): 등급 A (순위 4) < 고무나무(1.23): 등급 A (순위 3) < 고무나무(1.56): 등급 A (순위 2) << 녹나무(148.23): 등급 G (순위1)의 순으로 증가하였다. 또한 화재위험성지수-IX (FRI-IX)는 산벚나무(0): 등급 A (순위 3) ≈ 고무나무(0): 등급 A (순위 3) ≈ 느릅나무(0): 등급 A (순위 3) ≈ PMMA(1): 등급 A (순위 2) << 녹나무(66.67): 등급 G (순위1)의 순이었다. 공통적으로 화재위험성은 녹나무가 가장 높은 것으로 제시되었다. 결론적으로 FRI-IX와 FRI-XII의 기준을 바탕으로 보여준 바와 같이 지수의 표현은 다르나, 가연성 재료의 화재위험성평가에 의한 예측은 유사한 경향성을 제시하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.2645-2648
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• 2014

In this paper ultrafine copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared from copper salt via chemical reduction method with sodium citrate dispersant and polyvinylalcol (PVA) capping polymer. The colloidal CuNPs were characterized by using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Our obtained results indicated that the CuNPs were produced ranging from 2 to 4 nm in diameter. The colloidal solution at 7 ppm of CuNPs exhibited a powerful antifungal activity against Corticium salmonicolor (C. Salmonicolor). Fungal killing assays showed colloid solutions containing 10 ppm of CuNPs killed entirely the cultured fungus. A highly killing activity against the fungus was also performed when the CuNPs were sprayed on pink disease-infected rubber trees. These positive results may offer a great potential to produce CuNPs-based eco-fungicide for pink disease.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2008

Increasing demand for timber and the depletion of natural forest have encouraged utilization of many non-popular species. The understanding of wood properties and behavior is important to evaluate the potential of these species to produce high quality end products. This study determines the anatomical and physical properties of Hevea species viz Hevea pauciflora, Hevea guianensis, Hevea spruceana, Hevea benthamiana and Hevea brasiliensis. Each sample tree was cut into three different portions along the height (bottom- B, middle- M and upper -T parts) and two radial samples (outer- O and inner- I parts). H. brasiliensis clone RRIM 912 exhibited the longest fibre with $1214{\mu}m$, followed by H. benthamiana (HB, $1200{\mu}m$), H. pauciflora (HP, $1189{\mu}m$), H. spruceana (HS, $1158{\mu}m$) and H. guianensis (HG, $1145{\mu}m$). Fibre length has a positive correlation with specific gravity. The largest fibre diameter ($24.9{\mu}m$) and lumen diameter ($12.5{\mu}m$) were recorded in H. guianensis. The highest moisture content was obtained from H. spruceana (64.34%) compared to the lowest with 60.01% (Clone RRIM912). The higher moisture content is normally associated with lower strength. Overall, the properties of clone RRIM 912 is found to be comparatively better because of higher strength due to longer fibre length, thicker cell walls and higher specific gravity than the other Hevea species. Therefore, this species can be used as a general utility timber.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1990

Experiments were conducted to investigate the soil freezing depth and pattern with freezing measuring instruments during 1988-l989 winter season in Kangwon province. Freezing measuring instrument was made with acrylic pipes which were consisted of inner and outer parts. Inner pipe was filled with 0.01 % methylene blue solution and rubber hose to protect pipe breakdown by solution freezing. Freezing measurements were carried out by observing discoloration of methylene blue solution. Moisture content of evergreen trees and ground cover plants was also examined in the winter season. The observed results are as follows: 1.In the land of I OOM above sea level, soil freezing depth became deeper as the sum of Accumulated degree-days of temperature below 0˚C(0˚C . day) increased: Soil freezing depth was 30-40cm at l00˚C, 42-43cm at 150˚C, and 47cm at 200˚C day 2.Soil freezing with vinyl mulching was less developed by l3cm at l00˚C with sum of subzero temperature, by l7cm at 200˚C than that of the bare ground. Soil of rich hulls mulching with 4Ocm was not frozen until soil freezing at the bare ground was developed to 25cm depth. 3.Cashmeron mulching was more effective than felt mulching in the heat insulation of soil. 4.Thawing of soil was done from the lowest part of the frozen in the ground to upward in the beginning and after that it was done from the surface of frozen soil to downward. Finally thawing was completed at the middle of frozen soil.