• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1273-1300
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• 2024

In the complex virtual environment of cyberspace, comprised of digital and communication networks, ensuring the security of information is being recognized as an ongoing challenge. The importance of 'Cyber Situation Awareness (CSA)' is being emphasized in response to this. CSA is understood as a vital capability to identify, understand, and respond to various cyber threats and is positioned at the heart of cyber security strategies from a defensive perspective. Critical industries such as finance, healthcare, manufacturing, telecommunications, transportation, and energy can be subjected to not just economic and societal losses from cyber threats but, in severe cases, national losses. Consequently, the importance of CSA is being accentuated and research activities are being vigorously undertaken. A systematic five-step approach to CSA is introduced against this backdrop, and a deep analysis of recent research trends, techniques, challenges, and future directions since 2019 is provided. The approach encompasses current situation and identification awareness, the impact of attacks and vulnerability assessment, the evolution of situations and tracking of actor behaviors, root cause and forensic analysis, and future scenarios and threat predictions. Through this survey, readers will be deepened in their understanding of the fundamental importance and practical applications of CSA, and their insights into research and applications in this field will be enhanced. This survey is expected to serve as a useful guide and reference for researchers and experts particularly interested in CSA research and applications.

• International Journal of Molecular Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.949-959
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• 2019

Pistacia weinmannifolia (PW) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat headaches, dysentery, enteritis and influenza. However, PW has not been known for treating respiratory inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present in vitro analysis confirmed that PW root extract (PWRE) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in phorbol myristate acetate- or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-stimulated human lung epithelial NCI-H292 cells by attenuating the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and Mucin A5 (MUC5AC), which are closely associated with the pulmonary inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COPD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of PWRE on pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with PWRE significantly reduced the quantity of neutrophils and the levels of inflammatory molecules and toxic molecules, including tumor TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, neutrophil elastase and reactive oxygen species, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice with CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. PWRE also attenuated the influx of inflammatory cells in the lung tissues. Furthermore, PWRE downregulated the activation of nuclear factor-κB and the expression of phosphodiesterase 4 in the lung tissues. Therefore, these findings suggest that PWRE may be a valuable adjuvant treatment for COPD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1091-1097
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• 2015

We have isolated and characterized an ascorbate peroxidase (APx) gene, OsAPx1 from rice. Northern and Western blot analyses indicated that at young seedling stage, OsAPx1 mRNA was expressed highly in root, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf sheath than leaf. In mature plant, OsAPx1 gene expressed highly in root, stem and flower but weakly in leaf. OsAPx1 gene and protein expression level was induced in leaves inoculated with Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Phytohormones treatment showed that OsAPx1 was up-regulated by jasmonic acid (JA), but was down regulated by ABA and SA co-treatments with JA, resulting that they have antagonistic effect on pathogen responsive OsAPx1 expression. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that Arabidopsis AtAPx1 has a close relationship with OsAPx1. In AtAPx1 knock out lines, the accumulation of O₂^- and H₂O₂ are all highly detected than wild type, revealing that the high concentration of exogenous H₂O₂ cause the intercellular superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in AtAPx1 knockout plant. These results suggested that OsAPx1 gene may be associated with the pathogen defense cascades as the mediator for balancing redox state by acting ROS scavenger and is associated with response to the pathogen defense via Jasmonic acid signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2014

Evaluation of tree responses to temperature elevation is critical for a development of forest management techniques coping with climate change. We conducted a study on the growth responses of Betula costata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus variabilis seedlings to open-field artificial warming. Artificial warming set-up using infra-red heater was built in 2012 and the temperature in warmed plots was regulated to be consistently $3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of control plots. The seeds of three species were sown, and the responses of growth, biomass allocation, and net photosynthetic rate of newly-germinated seedlings on the open-field artificial warming were determined. As a result, the growth responses of the seedlings differed with the species. B. costata showed decreases in the height to diameter ratio (H/D ratio), biomass, root weight to shoot weight ratio, and net photosynthetic rate. However, root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, and net photosynthetic rate of Q. variabilis were increased, while the response of F. rhynchophylla was rather obscure. There was no significant difference between warmed and control plots in seedling growth for 3 species in July, whereas, RCD, height, and H/D ratio of Q. variabilis were increased and H/D ratio of B. costata was decreased in November under warming. Species-specific growth responses to warming were similar to the species-specific responses of net photosynthetic rate and biomass allocation; therefore, net photosynthetic rate and biomass allocation might attribute to growth responses to warming. Besides, a relatively obvious response in autumn compared to summer might be affected by the phenological change following artificial warming. Species-specific responses of three deciduous species to warming in this study could be applied to the development of adaptive forest management policies to climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.406-418
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• 1996

Tomatoes are water logged differently 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm, according to the developing stages such as germination and seedling stage under the condition of greenhouse. Along with this, they are treated according to the time condition such as 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The result at germination stage Remarkable germination failure was observed when tomatoes were water-logged for 25 to 27 hours in the depth of 0 to 5 cm. Plant height recovered within 24 hours regardless of the water-logging depths. In the case of leaves, the recoverable time limit became shorter gradually in accordance with the increase of the water-logging depth. The decrease of the fresh weight showed acute response in the shoot rather than the root. It recovered with the 24 hours of water logging. Significant correlation was observed in all characteristics of plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight and germination rates according to the depth of water-logging. 2. The result at seedling stage Plant height recovered within the 24 hours of water-logging in the depth of 0 cm. On the deeper level, there was significant decrease regardless of time. With regard to the number of leaves, there was recovery up to 120 hours in the depth of 0 cm, up to 24 hours in the depth of 5 cm. There was, however, significant decrease when done for more than 6 hours on the deeper level. Growth of the shoot displayed the same tendency as in plant height and number of leave. The length of the longest root could be maintained by 80% in the water-logging of 0 cm compared with control. However in depth of 5 cm or more, it could not be maintained by the 120 hours water-logging. Root activity became conspicuously diminished with the logging over 0 cm. Respiration showed conspicuous decrease by the depth of 5 cm as a turning point. On the other hand, photosynthesis became decreased linearly by the depth of water-logging. Chlorophyll content displayed gradual decrease up to 48 hours, but conspicuously decreased up to 120 hours according to the varying depth of water-logging. Dieases tended to increase according to the depth and hours of water-logging. Diseases would be prevented by dint of insecticide, but there was no effect of fertilization. Weight and number of fruit per plant displayed gradual decrease as the depth and hours of water-logging became increased. Average weight of a fruit became increased. There was no statisticaly reciprocal effects between the depth and hours of water-logging. There was significant positive correlation among all the investigated characteristics, such as traits of growth and yield.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.282-293
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• 2016

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major plant pathogens that cause reductions in yield and quality of several solanaceous crops, including pepper (Capsicum spp.). These losses can be averted through planting of resistant cultivars. Plants are defined as resistant when they suppress nematode reproduction. In this study, the resistance degrees of 102 commercial cultivars of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) to a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, were evaluated by comparing the number of egg masses on their roots to those of 'PR huimangchan', a highly susceptible cultivar that exhibited the most egg masses of the chili pepper cultivars evaluated. Among these cultivars, forty-four (43.1%) showed resistance to M. incognita and eighteen (17.6%) were moderately resistant. The other cultivars (39.3%) were determined to be susceptible. For further study, six chili pepper cultivars (i.e., Gangryeokjosenggeon, Shinsegae, Muhanjilju, PR Bulrocho, PR Huimangchan, and Jjang) with different levels of resistance to the nematode were selected. Changes in resistance of the six cultivars under several conditions, such as inoculum concentration, plant growth stage, and cultivation period after transplanting were investigated. We found that an efficient screening method for resistance of chili pepper to M. incognita is to transplant the chili pepper seedlings 7 days before inoculation, to inoculate 28-day-old plants with M. incognita by loading 5,000 eggs per plant into the pot of soil, to cultivate the plants in a greenhouse ($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$) for 45-60 days, to measure the number of egg masses on roots of the seedlings, and then to determine the resistance response of the plants by comparing the number of egg masses on the roots with a reference-susceptible cultivar 'PR huimangchan'.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-423
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• 2017

In hydroponics, the nutrient solution is supplied considering the water and nutrient uptake characteristics of crops. However, as the ionic uptake characteristics are changed as a result of the weather conditions or the growth response of the crops, the root zone can not be maintained in optimal condition. In addition, the coir substrate has been used mainly for the tomato cultivation in place of the inorganic substrate, there are few studies on long-term cultivation using coir substrate. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of EC level of irrigation solution on tomato growth and inorganic ions of root zone in soilless culture using coir. Coir substrate mixed with 5 : 5 chip and dust was used. EC level of irrigation solution was 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. At the initial stage, $NO_3-N$, P, Ca and Mg in the drainage were lower than the irrigation level at 1.0 and $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However, EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ or higher, all the ions except P were highly concentrated in the drainage. The average fruit weight was not significantly different between 1.0 and $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ until 3th cluster, but from the next cluster, the higher the EC level, the smaller the weight. The number of fruit and yield to 6th cluster was the highest at $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. From the next cluster, The yield was decreased with the higher EC level. At the early stage of growth, BER occurred only in EC $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, but increased in all treatments with increasing irradiation. The incidence rate of EC $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ was higher than that of the lower EC level treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 1993

Methods for shoot proliferation via pulse treatment onto the microshoots of Quercus acutissima, and ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems of the microshoots of 4 oak trees were described. Pulsing solution was prepared by the addition of BA and/or BA plus zeatin onto the aqueous WPM and sterilized distilled water. Using the solution, pulsing time was adjusted at different levels(0. 1, 2, 5. 9, and 24 hours). Although the effect of pulsing solution prepared by the addition of cytokinins onto the sterilized distilled water was slightly lower in shoot proliferation rate, a little higher in shoot elongation was observed compared with that of aqueous WPM. One hour of pulse treatment revealed best in shoot proliferation and its elongation, whereas the increment of pulsing time slightly suppressed the response. In addition, prolonged pulse time resulted high frequency of hyperhydric shoot appearance. Single treatment of BA was better in shoot proliferation than that of BA combination with zeatin, whereas the latter treatment usually showed rapid and healthy shoot growth. For ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems, black oaks(Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis) revealed excellent rootability compared with white oaks(Q. serrata and Q. mongolica). Shoot-tip necrosis of white oaks eras one of the big problems for survival. In this study, we discribed the effect of pulse treatment, successful ex vitro rooting system by the incorporation of peat plug, and the possibilities for the overcoming the obstacles on micropropagation of oaks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.729-733
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• 2014

Laminaria japonica roots have not been used practically in Korea. In this study, in order to promote the use of these by-products, the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanol extract of Laminaria japonica root (LJREE) was investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. To examine the potential anti-inflammatory effects of LJREE, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and cell proliferation were measured. We found that NO levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, the production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was suppressed, and the production of IL-$1{\beta}$ was inhibited over 30% after treatment with $100{\mu}g/mL$ LJREE. In conclusion, the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells, measured by MTT assay, confirmed that LJREE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors without any cytotoxicity, making it a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2006

Objective of this research was to determine the effect of application level of fused superphosphate (FSPP) in root media containing granular micronutrient fertilizers (MF) on growth of marigold 'Orange boy' in plug culture. To achieve this, three granular micronutrient mixes such as MF 1, MF 2, and MF 3 were produced and incorporated into three root media, peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v, PB), peatmoss+composted rice-hull (1:1, v/v, PR), and peatmoss+composted saw-dust (1:1, v/v, PS), at a rate of $0.3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Elevated application level of FSPP in PS medium containing each of MF resulted in increase of plant growth such as plant height, plant width, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight at 35days after sowing. The dry weight in the treatment of MF 1, MF 2, MF 3, and control fertilized with $9.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of FSPP were 0.066g, 0.103g, 0.077g, and 0.095g per plant, respectively. These results indicated that each of MF affected marigold plug seedlings differently. The application level of FSPP resulted in the heaviest fresh and dry weight in PR medium were $9.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in MF 1, $3.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in MF 2, $9.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in MF 3, and $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in control. Elevated application level of FSPP in PB medium containing each of the micronutrient mix increased fresh and dry weight. The general trends in response of plant growth to elevated FSPP were linear and quadratic. The dry weight in the treatment of MF 1, MF 2, MF 3, and control fertilized with $9.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of FSPP in PB medium were 0.131g, 0.104g, 0.137g, and 0.111g per plant at 35days after sowing. These results indicated that MF 1 and MF 3 performed better than MF 2 and control treatments in growth of marigold plug seedlings.