• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2006

We previously showed that NtCDPK1, a tobacco calcium-dependent protein kinase, interacts with and phosphorylates the Rpn3 regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome, and that both NtCDPK1 and Rpn3 are mainly expressed in rapidly proliferating tissues, including shoot and root meristem. In this study, we examined NtCDPK1 expression in roots using GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, and investigated its function in root development by generating transgenic tobacco plants carrying a sense NtCDPK1 transgene. GUS activity was first detected in roots two days after sowing. In later stages, strong GUS expression was detected in the root meristem and elongation zone, as well as the initiation sites and branch points of lateral roots. Transgenic tobacco plants in which NtCDPK1 expression was suppressed were smaller, and their root development was abnormal, with reduced lateral root formation and less elongation. These results suggest that NtCDPK1 plays a role in a signaling pathway regulating root development in tobacco.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.701-704
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• 2004

본 증례에서는 단일 치근을 가진 하악 제 1유구치에 대해 서술하고자 한다. 5세 남아의 하악 제1유구치는 방사선 사진 검사결과 양측성으로 분명한 단일치근을 가진 것으로 나타났다. 보통 상악 구치는 3개의 치근을, 하악 구치는 2개의 치근을 가지나, 치아의 발육시기도중 Hertwig상피근초가 제 시기에 적절히 함입되지 못하면 치근이 서로 나뉘지 못하여 치근의 융합이 발생될 수 있다. 융합된 치근을 가진 구치는 정상적인 구치보다 불리한 치관-치근 비율을 가질 뿐 아니라, 여러 보고에 의하면 융합된 치근을 가진 사람은 다수 치아의 선천적 결손이나, 상악 전치에서 치내치가 발현될 확률이 높아 예방적 치과 치료가 필요할 수 있다. 그리고, 외배엽이형성증, 합지증, 만지증, 청색공막증과 같은 전신 질환과 연관되어 나타날 수도 있다고 한다. 치근 융합은 유전적으로 상염색체 열성 유전을 따른다고 밝혀진 바 있다. 현재까지 단일 치근을 가진 구치는 대부분 영구 구치에서 많이 보고된 바 있지만, 유구치에서는 거의 보고된 바가 없기에 이에 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.389-391
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• 2005

We report a case of T4 bursting fracture with paraparesis that recovered by posterior approach. A 47-year-old man presented with paraparesis (grade III) which had progressed rapidly after motor cycle accident. After sacrificing the T4 nerve root (right), posterior interbody fusion using cage following T4 corpectomy and T3-4, T4-5 discectomy was performed. After operation, lower extremities motor power improved and he could walk after one month. And this is the first report of posterior approach using cage by corpectomy and two level discectomy in case of upper thoracic burst fracture in Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2007

Root nodule formation is controlled by plant hormones such as auxin. Auxin-repressed protein (ARP) genes have been identified in various plant species but their functions are not clear. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone (EuNOD-ARP1) showing high sequence homology to previously identified ARP genes from root nodules of Elaeagnus umbellata. Genomic Southern hybridization showed that there are at least four ARP-related genes in the genome of E. umbellata. The cDNA clone encodes a polypeptide of 120 amino acid residues with no signal peptide or organelle-targeting signals, indicating that it is a cytosolic protein. Its cytosolic location was confirmed using Arabidopsis protoplasts expressing a EuNOD-ARP1:smGFP fusion protein. Northern hybridization showed that EuNOD-ARP1 expression was higher in root nodules than in leaves or uninoculated roots. Unlike the ARP genes of strawberry and black locust, which are negatively regulated by exogenous auxin, EuNOD-ARP1 expression is induced by auxin in leaf tissue of E. umbellata. In situ hybridization revealed that EuNOD-ARP1 is mainly expressed in the fixation zone of root nodules.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1998

Aerenchyma development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots is quite important for adaptation to waterlogged or reduced soil conditions. Anatomical observations were carried out to clarify the development of schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma in elongating crown roots of rice. The crown roots of 3rd and 4th phytomer were taken from rice plants of the 8th leaf stage grown by hydroponic culture. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the cortex of crown root tip were observed using a light microscope with semi ultra-thin sections and the lysigenous aerenchyma in mature tissue of crown root were observed using a cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) with freezing fracture method. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the root tip exist obviously in the middle portion of cortical cell layers close to the root-root cap junction, but not in root cap, stele and outer cell layers of cortex. The air spaces were formed at the junction of four neighbouring cells of inner cortex in the transverse sections, and between longitudinal cell layer connected along the root axis. Although many of those spaces were filled with liquid, some spaces seem to exist as air spaces. The lysigenous aerenchyma in the cortex, which hardly filled with liquid, emerged at 3-4 cm segment from the root tip and increased toward the basal region of root axis. The developing process of lysigenous aerenchyma was primarily separation of a radial row of cells caused by the shrinking and collapsing of cortical cells and then formation of septa along the radial cell rows by the fusion of cell wall with each other. These results suggest that the schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma playa role as a passage for the movement of oxygen into the root tip region where oxygen is required for respiration.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2007

In the modern society of the 21st century where the visuality is emphasized, the illustration which expresses one symbol by embodying it is getting more spotlight than the use of character. Specifically, the fashion illustration serves the role of image promotion in other fields, for such as book, magazine, etc, as well as the fashion, and is taking root in daily lives. In response to that, this study researched on the fusion style fashion and the fashion illustration by using the violet color. The violet color which symbolizes the mysticism is being applied to society and culture in various forms, and has been considered as a precious color that represents god since ancient time, and still possesses its mysterious image even in the modern times. Moreover, as the appearance of fusion styled clothes which consolidates the latest trend image of the west and east is combined with the mysterious image of the purple to express new cultural image beyond highlighting specific image element of a country, the study on the fashion illustration based on the clothes based on the purple and fusion style would be very interesting. This study tried to produce the work that aims at the practical study based on the purple & fusion style and the theoretical consideration of fashion illustration through the analysis and investigative study of preceding studies. The findings from the study is like this: First, the violet the color, which represents the mysticism, can be confirmed to be an sophisticated, elegant and attractive image color that leads the modern fashion. Second, the fusion style which is coming into the spotlight recently can be found to have a great visual effect of consolidating the image of the west and east through the mixture with the purple color. Third, it was confirmed in our production of works that the fashion illustration was expressing a mysterious and new fusion style by blending appropriately with the purple color.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2002

In vivo expression technology (IVET) has been developed to study bacterial gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium during host infection. The expression of selected genes by IVET has been elevated in vivo but not in vitro. The selected genes turned out to be important for bacterial virulence and/or pathogenicity. IVET depends on a synthetic operon with a promoterless transcriptional fusion between a selection marker gene and a reporter gene. The IVET approach has been successfully adapted in other bacterial pathogens and plant-associated bacteria using different selection markers. Pseudomonas putida suppresses citrus root rot caused by Phytophthora parasitica and enhances citrus seedling growth. The WET strategy was adapted based on a transcriptional fusion, pyrBC'-lacZ, in P. putida to study the bacterial traits important far biocontrol activities. Several genes appeared to be induced on P. parasitica hyphae and were found to be related with metabolism and regulation of gene expression. It is likely that the biocontrol strain took a metabolic advantage from the plant pathogenic fungus and then suppressed citrus root rot effectively. The result was parallel with those from the adaptation of IVET in P. fluorescens, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Interestingly, genes encoding components for type III secretion system have been identified as rhizosphere-induced genes in the PGPR strain. The type III secretion system may play a certain role during interaction with its counterpart plants. Application of IVET has been demonstrated in a wide range of bacteria. It is an important strategy to genetically understand complicated bacterial traits in the environment.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

Double tooth is a dental anomaly consequent to fusion of two or more teeth or gemination of a single tooth. This report describes a unique case of double tooth in relation to a mandibular lateral incisor exhibiting the presence of four root canals. The role of conventional radiography and advanced three-dimensional imaging techniques in the better assessment of complex root canal systems and their aid in endodontic management has also been highlighted.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2012

An light-emitting diode (LED)-based light source was used as a monochromatic light source to determine the responses of raw ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) to specific emission spectra with respect to the production of ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content in the ginseng roots changed in response to the LED light treatments at $25^{\circ}C$ relative to the levels in the control roots that were treated in the dark or at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Ginseng roots were exposed to LEDs with four different peak emission wavelengths, 380, 450, 470, and 660 nm, in closed compartments. Compared with the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots, roots that were treated with 450 and 470 nm light showed a significantly increased production of ginsenosides (p<0.05), with increases of 64.9% and 74.1%, respectively. The contents of the ginsenosides $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rg_1$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples. The ratio of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd) to protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples than in the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots. This is the first report that demonstrates the increase and conversion of ginsenosides in raw ginseng roots in response to exposure to LED light.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2020

The root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana is protected by the root cap, the size of which is tightly regulated by the balance between the formative cell divisions and the dispersal of the outermost cells. We isolated an enhancer-tagged dominant mutant displaying the short and twisted root by the overexpression of ZINC-FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA1 (ZAT1) encoding an EAR motif-containing zinc-finger protein. The growth inhibition by ZAT1 was shared by ZAT4 and ZAT9, the ZAT1 homologues. The ZAT1 promoter was specifically active in the outermost cells of the root cap, in which ZAT1-GFP was localized when expressed by the ZAT1 promoter. The outermost cell-specific expression pattern of ZAT1 was not altered in the sombrero (smb) or smb bearskin1 (brn1) brn2 accumulating additional root-cap layers. In contrast, ZAT4-GFP and ZAT9-GFP fusion proteins were distributed to the inner root-cap cells in addition to the outermost cells where ZAT4 and ZAT9 promoters were active. Overexpression of ZAT1 induced the ectopic expression of PUTATIVE ASPARTIC PROTEASE3 involved in the programmed cell death. The EAR motif was essential for the growth inhibition by ZAT1. These results suggest that the three related ZATs might regulate the maturation of the outermost cells of the root cap.