• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2003

Microbial Fe(III) reduction is an important factor for biogeochemical cycle in anaerobic environments, especially sediment of freshwater such as lakes, ponds and rivers. In addition, the Fe(III) reduction serves as a model for potential mechanisms for the oxidation of organic compounds and the reduction of toxic heavy metals, such as chrome or uranium. Shewanella putrefaciens DK-1 was a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic Fe(III) reducer and used ferric ion as a terminal electron acceptor for the oxidation of organic compounds to $CO_{2}$ or other oxidized metabolites. The ability of reducing activity and utilization of various electron acceptors and donors for S. putrefaciens DK-1 were investigated. S. putrefaciens DK-1 was capable of using a wide variety of electron acceptor, including $NO_{3}^{-}$, Fe(III), AQDS, and Mn(IV). However, its ability to utilize electron donors was limited. Lactate and formate were used as electron donors but acetate and toluene were not used. Fe(III) reduction of S. putrefaciens DK-l was inhibited by the presence of either $NO_{3}^{-}$ or $NO_{2}^{-}$. Further S. putrefaciens DK-1 used humic acid as an electron acceptor and humic acid was re-oxidized by nitrate. Environmental samples showing the Fe(III)-reducing activity were used to investigate effects of the limiting factors such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the Fe(III) reducing bacteria. The highest Fe (III) reducing activity was measured, when lactate as a carbon source and S. putrefaciens DK-1 as an Fe(III) reducer added in untreated sediment samples of Cheon-ho and Dae-ho reservoirs.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1273-1284
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• 2018

The flow and bed change were analyzed using the CCHE2D model, which is a two-dimensional numerical model, at a confluence of the Namhan River and Seom River where deposition occurs predominantly after the "Four Major Rivers Restoration Project." The characteristic of the junction is that the tributary of Seom River joined into the curved channel of the main reach of the Namhan River. The CCHE2D model analyzes the non-equilibrium sediment transport, and the adaptation lengths for the bed load and suspended load are important variables in the model. At the target area, the adaptation length for the bed load showed the greatest influence on the river bed change. Numerical simulation results demonstrated that the discharge ratio ($Q_r$) change affected the flow and bed change in the Namhan River and Seom river junction. When $Q_r{\leq}2.5$, the flow velocity of the main reach increased before confluence, thereby reducing the flow separation zone and decreasing the deposition inside the junction. When $Q_r$>2.5, there was a high possibility that deposition would be increased, thereby forming sand bar. Numerical simulation showed that a fixed sand bar has been formed at the junction due to the change of discharge ratio, which occurred in 2013.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.320-330
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• 2022

The Hangang river estuary, which is a natural estuary without structures such as estuary barrage, is an ecological pathway connecting the sea and rivers. Accordingly, Hangang river estuary has various species, and there is very valuable. Sediment classification in Hangang river estuary is three-dimensionally and diversely is distributed. Sediment classification in Hangang river estuary is also sensitively changed according to various factors such as climate change and river development. It is typically cause to landform and to develop a compound cross section. In Janghang wetland, the plant success is remarkable according to the morphological change at river bed. The purpose of this study is to identify the mechanism of wetland formation based on the observation on-site. As a result of the observation, Janghang wetland where was artificially created, has been grown according to the river bed change based on the flow rate and the plant success. The viscous surface layer material(fine grains of wash rod properties), which is not the main material(sand) of the river bed, but sub-materials of river bed, jas been settled on the pioneer plants(bolboschoenus planiculmis, etc.). It is an important role in the growth of a compound cross section and a wetland. After the wetland developed to the compound cross section, it is observed that the pioneer plants are transferred to other plant species.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.12
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• pp.837-844
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• 2023

Small and medium-sized mountain rivers that flow through steep, confined valleys carry large amounts of coarse-grained sediment and woody debris during floods. It causes an increase in flood water level by aggrading the riverbed and the cross-section blockage due to driftwood accumulation during flooding. However, the existing flood level calculation in the river basic plan does not consider these changes. In this study, using the Typhoon Hinnamnor flood in September 2022 as an example, we performed numerical simulations using the HEC-RAS model, taking into account the blockage of a cross-section at the bridge and changes in riverbed elevation that occurred during floods, and analyzed the flood level to predict flood risk. This study's results show that flooding occurs if more than 30% of the cross-section is blocked. The rise of flood water levels corresponds to that of the riverbed due to sediment deposition. These results can be used as basic data to prevent and effectively manage flood damage and contribute to establishing flood defense measures that consider actual phenomena.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.435-445
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• 2023

A delta is a depositional landform that is formed when sediment transported by a river is deposited in a relatively low-energy environment, such as a lake, sea, or a main channel. Among these, a delta formed at the confluence of rivers has a great importance in river management and research because it has a significant impact on the hydraulic and sedimentological characteristics of the river. Recently, the equilibrium state of the confluence area has been disrupted by large-scale dredging and construction of levees in the Nakdong River. However, due to the natural recovery of the river, the confluence area is returning to its pre-dredging natural state through ongoing sedimentation. The time-series data show that the confluence delta has been steadily growing since the dredging, but once it reaches a certain size, it repeats growth and retreat, and the overall size does not change significantly. In this study, we developed a model to explain the sedimentation-erosion processes in the confluence area based on the assumption that the confluence delta reaches a dynamic equilibrium. The model is based on two fundamental principles: sedimentation due to supply from the tributary and erosion due to the main channel. The erosion coefficient that represents the Nakdong River confluence areas, was obtained using data from the tributaries of the Nakdong River. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using the developed model to understand how the confluence delta responds to changes in the sediment and water discharges of the tributary and the main channel, respectively. We then used annual average discharge of the Nakdong River's tributaries to predict the dynamic equilibrium positions of the confluence deltas. Finally, we conducted a simulation experiment on the development of the Gamcheon-Nakdong River delta using recorded daily discharge. The results showed that even though it is a simple model, it accurately predicted the dynamic equilibrium positions of the confluence deltas in the Nakdong River, including the areas where the delta had not formed, and those where the delta had already formed and predicted the trend of the response of the Gamcheon-Nakdong River delta. However, the actual retreat in the Gamcheon-Nakdong River delta was not captured fully due to errors and limitations in the simplification process. The insights through this study provide basic information on the sediment supply of the Nakdong River through the confluence areas, which can be implemented as a basic model for river maintenance and management.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.631-641
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• 2009

Transport of nitrous oxide and treated waste water was investigated in an estuary receiving treated waste water. Seasonal change of water quality were also observed to assure origins of $N_2O$ and to estimate the influence of treated waste water on $N_2O$ production in the survey area. Based on nitrous oxide concentration profiles in the survey area, discharged treated waste water were traced, which flowed upstream at the flood tide and downstream at the ebb tide with concentration maxima. It is assumed that nitrous oxide discharged from treated waste water is transported to the survey area with partial and vertical mixture. To determine the production of $N_2O$ in survey area, flux at each sampling sites were calculated and 25% of the produced $N_2O$ was originated from treated waste water in result. The remaining percentage of the production was also assumed to be the discharge from the sediment layers.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.155-165
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• 2014

In this study, using a complex of physical, chemical, and biological evaluation factors, the ecological vulnerability to climate change were evaluated at each river in the Nakdong river basin. First, runoff, sediment rate, and low flow discharge changes according to AIB climate change scenario using the SWAT model were simulated. Also, for the assessment of chemical and biological factors, 48 points that water quality monitoring sites and ecological health measurement points are matched with each other was selected. The water quality data of BOD and T-P and the biological data of IBI and KSI in each point were reflected in the assessment. Also, the future rise in water temperature of the rivers in Nakdong river basin was predicted, and the impact of water temperature rise on the fish habitat was evaluated. The top 10 most vulnerable points was presented through a summary of each evaluation factor. This study has a contribution to river restoration or management plan according to the characteristics of each river.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.923-927
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 여주 등 6개 지점에서 유사의 이동이 활발한 시기인 $6{\sim}9$월에 부유사를 측정하여 하천의 유사량 특성을 파악하였다. 측선 배치는 유사채취의 난이도와 채취시간, 하도의 규모 등을 고려하여 등간격의 5개측선수를 적용하였다. 시료분석은 여과법, BW관법, 체분석법으로 수행하여 유사량 산정을 위한 기초자료로 이용하였고, 또한 부유사와 하상토 입경분포 분석 결과로 $Od{\acute{e}}n$ 곡선와 입경가적곡선을 작성하여 대상 지점의 유사특성을 파악하였다. 유량에 따른 총유사량의 관계를 도출하기 위해서 실측된 부유사와 수리량 자료를 이용하였으며, 유사의 거동을 이론적으로 모형화한 간접법으로 총유사량을 추정하였다. 국내 하천의 특성에 적합한 총유사량 추정방법이 아직까지 개발되지 않고 이에 따른 연구 또한 미진한 관계로 기존의 총유사량 산정공식들 중 국내에서 비교적 널리 적용되고 있는 Modified Einstein 공식을 선정하여 대상 지점에 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 선정한 Modified Einstein 공식으로 추정된 총유사량의 적정성을 검토하기 위한 부가적인 수단으로 Engelund&Hansen(1967년), Yang(1973년, 1979년), Ackers&White(1973년) 공식들을 선정하여 Modified Einstein 공식의 추정치와 그 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 일반적으로 모든 지점에서 Modified Einstein 방법으로 추정된 총유사량이 유량에 따라 변동이 크고 상관성이 낮게 분석되었으며, 그 외 3가지 방법으로 추정된 결과는 다소의 변동폭을 가졌으나 대체로 유량의 증가에 따라 유사량도 증가하는 일정한 경향을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 각 지점별 유사 유출량과 비유사량을 산정하기 위해서 유량-부유사량관계곡선식과 유량 수문곡선을 이용하였다. 그 결과, 임진강 수계에 위치한 적성 지점에서 가장 크게 산정되었으며, 구례2 지점에서 가장 적은 값을 가졌다. 6개 지점 중 서로 상 하류 관계를 가지는 낙동과 왜관 지점에서 유사량의 특성 변화를 검토한 결과, 상 하류 간의 반전은 저수위 구간을 제외하고는 발생하지 않았으며, 왜관이 낙동 지점보다 큰 값의 유사 유출량을 나타내었다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.53-61
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• 2006

Geochemical and sedimentological analyses of sediment piston core were used to trace paleoceanographic environmental changes in the East China Sea. The analytical results revealed three lithostratigraphic units (I, II, and III) corresponding to a highstand stage, a transgressive stage, and a lowstand stage, respectively. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) $^{14}C$ dated the boundaries between the units as 7 ka and II ka. That is, Unit I extended from the present to 7 ka, Unit II occupied a transitional episode from 7 to 11 ka, and Unit III was older than 11 ka. The transitional episode was characterized by sudden fluctuations in various geochemical proxies. Most strikingly, there was a gradual upward increase in both carbonate and total organic carbon (TOe) contents post-7 ka, during which time the ${\delta}^{l3}C$ values of organic material increased to a constant value. The gradual upward increase in the TOC and $CaCO_3$ contents in Unit I were accompanied by slight variations in grain size that probably reflect a stable modern oceanographic environment. Within Unit II (7 to 11 ka), the geochemical signals were characterized by abrupt and steep fluctuations, typical of a transgressive stage. Vertical mixing may have provoked an increase in productivity during this interval, with large amounts of terrigenous organic matter and/or freshwater being supplied by neighboring rivers. The geochemical signals remained stable throughout Unit III but exhibited different patterns than signals in Unit I. The high terrigenous organic matter content of Unit III suggests correspondence to a lowstand stage.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1992

A careful re-examination has been conducted on the applicability of the concept of equilibrium riverbed slope to river engineering practice and on the validity of Aki's and Mononobe's formulas that are widely used in Korea for determination of equilibrium riverbed slope. A stream in equilibrium is one in which, over a period of years, slope is naturally adjusted to provide, with available water discharge and with prevailing channel characteristics, just the velocity required for transportation of the sediment load supplied from the upstream. The equilibrium riverbed slope is the bed slope of such river. The present river engineering practice to analyze the riverbed characteristics by applying so called 'the equilibrium riverbed slope formula' to such rivers, therefore, should be avoided. Also, the validities of Aki's and Mononobe's formulas, that are presently used for determination of stable channel slope, are very dubious and should not be used in river engineering practice.